Fig. 1

Overall workflow of this study. a Fully automated tumor region segmentation. b Image tile extraction from tumor region and multi-scale texture feature extraction, including 2.5 × , 10 × , and 40 × magnification. c Feature selection by the Lasso method. d Survival analysis and model development. e Histo-genomic analysis: the associated biological pathways are identified by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and the relationships between the texture features and biological pathways are explored using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA)