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Fig. 3 | Journal of Translational Medicine

Fig. 3

From: Paxlovid accelerates cartilage degeneration and senescence through activating endoplasmic reticulum stress and interfering redox homeostasis

Fig. 3

Paxlovid accelerates chondrocyte senescence through the DNA damage response. A Gene ontology (GO) biological process enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes presented as a bubble chart. B Gene set enrichment analysis of genes involved in GO biological processes: DNA damage response and signal transduction by p53 class mediator. C Heatmap of mRNA expression of genes involved in the cell cycle. D, E Immunofluorescence of γ-H2AX and positive cell proportions when treated with different concentrations of Paxlovid. Scale bar: 10 μm. F mRNA expression of cell cycle-related genes p16INK4a, p21, and p53 when treated with different concentrations of Paxlovid. G, H Western blot with quantitative analysis and protein expression of p16INK4a, p21, and p53 after Paxlovid treatment. I Cell cycle analysis of the ATDC5 cells treated with Paxlovid. Blue, yellow and green parts represent G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases, respectively. (J) Quantitative analysis of the proportion of cells in different cell phases. K, L Senescence-associated-β-galactosidase staining of mouse chondrocytes treated with Paxlovid and corresponding quantitative analysis. Scale bar: 50 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001, compared to control group

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