Integration of CRISPR/Cas9 with artificial intelligence for improved cancer therapeutics

Bhat, Ajaz A.; Nisar, Sabah; Mukherjee, Soumi; Saha, Nirmalya; Yarravarapu, Nageswari; Lone, Saife N.; Masoodi, Tariq; Chauhan, Ravi; Maacha, Selma; Bagga, Puneet; Dhawan, Punita; Akil, Ammira Al-Shabeeb; El-Rifai, Wael; Uddin, Shahab; Reddy, Ravinder; Singh, Mayank; Macha, Muzafar A.; Haris, Mohammad

doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03765-1

Table 1 CRISPR/Cas9 variants and their applications in cancer treatment

From: Integration of CRISPR/Cas9 with artificial intelligence for improved cancer therapeutics

Tool	Cas9 fusion/	Cancer biology	Application	Ref.
CRISPRa	Cas9-SAM	Prostate cancer	Identification of genes associated with drug resistance	[53]
	Cas9-VP64	Immunotherapy	Precision targeting of mutated genes	[135]
	Cas9-VPR	Colorectal cancer	Models altered glycosylation associated with cancer	[136]
	Cas9-BCL-xL	Hematologic malignancies	Regulation of CAR-T cells	[137]
CRISPRi	Cas9-KRAB / Cas9-suntag	Myelodysplastic syndrome	Mechanism of action (Rigosertib)	[138]
	Cas9	Multiple myeloma	Mechanism of action (immunotherapy)	[139]
	Cas9-KRAB	Glioblastoma	Identification of lncRNAs as therapeutic target	[140]
	Cas9-KRAB	Squamous cell carcinoma	Suppression of oncogene ΔNp63	[141]
NGS	Perturb-CITE-seq	Melanoma	Define mechanisms of resistance	[39]
	scRNA-seq	Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma	Roles for specific tumor subpopulation-enriched gene networks in tumorigenesis	[142]
	Spear-ATAC-seq	Leukemia	Identification of regulatory networks	[143]
	scRNA-seq (scRibo-STAMP profiling)	Triple-negative breast cancer	Identification of RNA binding protein as therapeutic target	[144]
Base Editor	Campylobacter jejuni CRISPR-associated protein 9-fused adenine base editor (CjABE)	Glioblastoma	Precision targeting of mutated genes	[145]
Base Editor	BE3, BE4, and ABE	Leukemia	T-cell–based immunotherapy	[146, 147]
Knock in	Cas9	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Development of cellular immunotherapies	[148]
	Cas9	Colorectal cancer	Patient-derived organoids	[149]
	Cas9	Glioblastoma	Understanding quiescent glioblastoma	[150]
	Cas9	Colorectal cancer	Identification of stem cell markers	[151]
Knock out	Cas9	Breast cancer	Generation of organoid cancer models	[66]
	Cas9	Colorectal cancer	Validation of cancer driver genes	[152]
	Cas9	Ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma	Generation of cancer models	[153]
	Cas9	Lung cancer	Generation of cancer models	[154]
	Cas9	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	Validation of the function of NRF21 gene	[155]

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