Fig. 4

CRISPR/Cas9 in immunotherapy. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 system in editing CAR-T cells: A CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used to engineer CAR T-cells to make them more specific and to generate allogeneic universal CAR-T cells with reduced graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) responses. CRISPR/Cas9 system can simultaneously and efficiently knock out multiple gene loci to yield allogeneic universal T cells by incorporation of multiple guide RNAs in a CAR lentiviral vector, B CRISPR/Cas9 system can improve CAR T-cell functionality by avoiding off-target effects and making them more robust for enhanced proliferation and efficiency C CRISPR/Cas9 system can knock out inhibitory molecules (immune checkpoints) to enhance function of CAR-T cells, and D CRISPR/Cas9 system can modulate T-cell cytokine production to reduce the risk of cytokine release syndrome and inflammation for enhanced efficiency of cancer therapeutics