Fig. 1

Chagas disease induces increased frequencies of CD4⁺ T cell populations with effector phenotype. A tSNE depicts CD4⁺ T cell subpopulations (regulatory T cells, T_REG, FoxP3⁺CD25⁺; central memory, T_CM, CCR7⁺CD45RO⁺; effector memory, T_EM, CCR7⁻CD45RO⁺; effector, T_EFF, CCR7⁻CD45RO⁻; naïve, T_N, CCR7⁺CD45RO⁻) from uninfected controls (Ctl, n = 14) and patients with Chagas disease (Chagas, n = 24). Plots are normalized to represent the same number of events. B Frequencies of regulatory T cells and memory subsets are shown. Bars represent the median and interquartile range, respectively. Asterisks represent significant differences between the assigned group and controls. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. C Representative contour plots show the gating strategy for T_REG and non-T_REG (left panel), and memory CD4⁺ T cells defined by the expression of CCR7 and CD45RO (right panel) from control and patients in different stages of Chagas disease (top to bottom). D Principal-component analysis (PCA) for CD4⁺ T cell subpopulations from uninfected controls and infected patients in different stages of Chagas disease: A (indeterminate, n = 8), B1 (mild cardiomyopathy, n = 9), B2-C-D (established cardiomyopathy, n = 7)