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Table 3 Clinical characteristics of validation cohort

From: Metabolomics to identify fingerprints of carotid atherosclerosis in nonobese metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Characteristics

Non-MAFLD without CAS (n = 60)

Nonobese MAFLD

Obese MAFLD

Non-MAFLD with CAS (n = 30)

P

Without CAS (n = 72)

With CAS (n = 28)

Without CAS (n = 68)

With CAS (n = 32)

Age (year)

42.6 ± 10.1

44.6 ± 9.8

43.4 ± 10.3

44.2 ± 10.2

45.1 ± 9.9

44.3 ± 9.2

0.58

Male, n (%)

40 (66.7%)

42 (61.1%)

17 (60.7%)

44 (64.7%)

20 (62.5%)

18 (60.0%)

0.64

Body mass index (kg/m2)

22.9 ± 2.2

bcdef

23.5 ± 2.8

acdef

23.6 ± 2.7

adef

28.8 ± 3.1

abcef

32.2 ± 2.1

abcdf

31.5 ± 2.5

abcde

 < 0.001

Waist circumstance (cm)

81.7 ± 7.5

def

82.2 ± .6.4

def

83.8 ± 7.2

def

92.5 ± 6.9

abc

93.8 ± 7.2

abc

92.2 ± 7.0

abc

 < 0.001

Waist-hip- ratio

0.85 ± 0.04

def

0.87 ± 0.03

def

0.88 ± 0.04

def

0.92 ± 0.06

abc

0.94 ± 0.05

abc

0.92 ± 0.04

abc

 < 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

125 ± 11

126 ± 13

132 ± 21

133 ± 15

135 ± 11

131 ± 12

0.68

DBP (mmHg)

85 ± 11

87 ± 9

86 ± 12

91 ± 12

92 ± 10

93 ± 8

0.47

ALT (U/L)a

22 (15–31)

bcdef

42 (21–59)

aef

45 (28–72)

a

39 (22–77)

aef

48 (32–83)

abd

46 (31–86)

abd

0.025

AST (U/L)a

25 (18–27)

32 (21–39)

33 (22–49)

31 (21–77)

31 (24–52)

30 (20–53)

0.31

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.9 ± 0.8

5.2 ± 1.2

5.1 ± 0.9

5.3 ± 1.0

5.3 ± 0.7

5.1 ± 0.9

0.79

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.7

2.2 ± 0.7

2.2 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.5

2.4 ± 0.4

2.2 ± 0.6

0.34

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.4

d

1.3 ± 0.2

def

1.2 ± 0.3

ef

1.1 ± 0.7

ab

0.9 ± 0.6

bc

1.0 ± 0.7

bc

0.008

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.0 ± 0.7

3.2 ± 0.9

3.5 ± 0.6

3.6 ± 0.9

3.8 ± 0.4

3.6 ± 0.7

0.13

FBG (mmol/L)

4.4 ± 0.8

bcdef

5.2 ± 1.0

a

5.3 ± 0.9

a

5.4 ± 1.0

a

5.5 ± 0.8

a

5.5 ± 0.9

a

0.045

FINS (μU/mL)a

8.9 ± 1.5

def

9.0 ± 1.9

ef

9.3 ± 1.3

ef

9.4 ± 1.7

aef

15.4 ± 2.8

abcd

13.9 ± 1.8

abcd

0.008

HOMA-IRa

1.56 (1.0–2.25)

1.65 (1.28–2.11)

1.68 (1.38–2.89)

1.70 (0.96–2.40)

2.39 (1.83–5.62)

2.09 (1.13–2.62)

0.14

Uric acid (μmol/L)

368 ± 72

def

389 ± 95

def

414 ± 79

def

475 ± 87

abc

496 ± 94

abc

478 ± 77

abc

0.001

CAP (dB/m)

203 ± 14

bcde

278 ± 27

adef

285 ± 22

adef

310 ± 22

abcf

313 ± 28

abcf

215 ± 17

bcde

 < 0.001

Liver stiffness (kPa)

5.9 ± 1.8

e

5.2 ± 0.8

de

5.7 ± 1.1

de

6.6 ± 1.3

bcf

8.0 ± 2.3

abcdf

5.3 ± 0.6

de

0.038

  1. a, b, c, d, e, f, g-refer to statistic significant after post-hoc multiple comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments when compared with Non-MAFLD without CAS (a), Nonobese MAFLD without (b) or with (c) carotid atherosclerosis, obese MAFLD without (d) or with (e) carotid atherosclerosis and non-MAFLD with CAS (f).
  2. MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; CAS, carotid atherosclerosis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase, AST, aspartate aminotransferase, HDL, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter
  3. aContinuous variables are expressed as median with IQR for non-Gaussian distribution