Fig. 7

HRS treatment attenuated ultrastructural damage of mitochondria in brain tissues of septic rats 48 h after LPS challenge. A TEM micrographs indicate number of mitochondria (blue arrowheads) and synapses (red arrows) in each group, respectively. Scale bar = 50 μm. B, C statistical representation of the mean number of mitochondria and synapses in all groups (n = 5). D Graphical representation of mitochondrial ultrastructure depicting double nuclei membrane disruptions. The arrows showed intact and continuous mitochondrial membrane in the sham and HRS-treated groups, which was disrupted in the LPS group (inset & lower photographs). Upper panels = X4000, lower panels = X15000 magnifications. All data are presented as mean ± SD ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.005. HRS hydrogen-rich saline, LPS Lipopolysaccharide, TEM Transmission electron microscope