Fig. 2

DC maturation and activation induced by DWCTVs in vitro. a The schematic illustration of in vitro immune cell stimulation assays. b The detection of CD14 expression on adherent PBMCs and imDCs by FCM. PBMCs were differentiated into CD14- imDCs by IL 4 and GM-CSF stimulation. c, d Quantification of Siglec 9, MGL, CD83, and CD86 expression on the surface of DCs after stimulation by A2780 and OVCAR3 DWCTVs. The Siglec 9, MGL, CD83, and CD86 were detected by FCM and analyzed by MFI. ΔMFI = MFI of test tube—MFI of the unstained tube. Unmodified, α2-3NA and α2-6NA represent the stimulation of unmodified WCTV, α2-3NA modified DWCTV and α2-6NA modified DWCTV, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). The statistical test for (c, d) used is the unpaired t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001; ***P < 0.005; ****P < 0.0001