Table 1 Literatures exhibiting outcomes and involved mechanisms with the application of exercise intervention to bone-related diseases in population-based studies and animals researches from the perspective of GM and its metabolites
Research subjects | Intervention mode | Exercise duration | Research outcomes | Involved mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population: Previously sedentary overweight women | Moderate-to-low intensity power cycling training | 6 weeks | Six-weeks endurance exercise, without changing diet, affected the GM and systemic metabolites of overweight women | The GM, especially Akkermansia and Proteobacteria, were the exercise-responsive taxa | Munukka et al. (2018) |
Population: Postmenopausal women | Combination of isoflavone and exercise | 24 weeks | The combination of isoflavones and exercise exhibited favorable effects on serum lipid and body composition of postmenopausal women | The preventive effects of isoflavones on bone loss depended on the individual’s GM for equol production | Wu et al. (2006) |
Population: Postmenopausal women | Combination of synbiotic supplements and exercise | 12 weeks | The combination of synbiotic supplements and exercise might serve as a noninvasive approach to manage and/or improve body composition and bone health in postmenopausal women | The combination of synbiotic supplements and exercise may promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, increases the level of SCFAs, reduce the inflammatory cytokines, and improve the effects of anti-inflammatory cytokines | Ilesanmi-Oyelere et al. (2021) |
Population: Lean and obese women | Supervised and endurance-based exercise training | 6 weeks | Exercise-induced alterations of the GM were dependent on obesity status, and exercise increased fecal concentrations of SCFAs in lean, but not obese participants. | Exercise training induced the compositional and functional changes in the human GM that were dependent on obesity status, independent of diet and contingent on the sustainment of exercise. | Allen et al. (2018) |
Animal models: HFD-induced OP mice | Sedentary/Autonomous exercise | 14 weeks | Exercise prevented the negative effects of HFD on skeletal health | Exercise altered the HFD-induced changes on the composition of GM by reducing the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroides | McCabe et al. (2019) |
Animal models: PTOA rats | Sedentary/Treadmill-walking | 8 weeks | Treadmill-walking was effective at maintaining the integrity of cartilage-subchondral bone unit and reducing the elevated systematic inflammation factors and microbiome-derived metabolites | The exercise-induced modification of disease-relevant microbial shifts was potentially involved in the mechanisms of exercise-induced amelioration of PTOA | Hao et al. (2022) |
Animal models: HFD-induced OA rats | Combination of prebiotic fiber supplements and exercise | 12 weeks | The combination of prebiotic fiber supplements and exercise prevented the knee joint damage | The prevention of knee joint damage was related to the normalization of insulin resistance, leptin levels, dyslipidemia, GM and endotoxemia | Rios et al. (2019) |
Animal models: HFD-induced OA mice | Sedentary/Wheel-running exercise | 4 weeks | Exercise contributed to the relief of chronic inflammation and OA | Exercise reshaped the GM, reduced the LPS levels in the blood and synovial fluid and TLR4 and MMP-13 expression levels, and ameliorated the cartilage degeneration | Li et al. (2021) |