Fig. 2

The potential mechanisms of exercise intervention on bone metabolism from the perspective of GM and its metabolites. BAs, bile acids; SCFAs, short chain fatty acids; TGR5, takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; Vit D, vitamin D; F/B, Firmicutes/Bacteroides; Th 17, T helper cell 17; Tregs, regulatory cells; SFB, segmental filamentous bacteria; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; DCs, dendritic cells; TLRs, toll-like receptors; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MAMPs, microbe-associated molecular patterns; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B; OPG, osteoprotegerin; OB, osteoblast; OC, osteoclast