Table 2 Specific characteristics of the eight studies included in the systematic review
Study | Administration Dose | Factors | Mechanisms | Outcomes | Adverse Reactions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probiotics | Placebo | Probiotics | Placebo | Investigated | Â | Â | Probiotics | Placebo | |
Mahboobi et al. [5] | Probiotic capsules | Placebo capsules | 500 mg/day | 500 mg/day | - | - | SBP↓ | - | - |
Kassaian et al. [21] | Probiotic powder | Synbiotics powder/Placebo powder | 6 g/day | 6 g/day | GLP-1 | Promoting GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells; | HbA1c↓ | 2/27 Flatulence, dysphagia, and dyspepsia | 5/28 Flatulence, dysphagia, and dyspepsia |
Naito et al. [17] | Probiotic fermented milk | Placebo milk | 100 ml bottle/day | 100 ml bottle/day | - | Enhancing pancreatic β-cell function | 1-h post-load PG↓; GA↓; HbA1c↓; TC↓; LDL-C↓; non-HDL-C↓ | No serious adverse effects | No serious adverse effects |
Toshimitsu et al. [22] | Probiotic yogurt | Placebo yogurt | 112 g/day | 112 g/day | IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, hsCRP | Suppressing chronic inflammation and insulin resistance; | HbA1c↓ | No serious adverse effects | No serious adverse effects |
Yan et al. [23] | Probiotic capsules | Placebo capsules | 2 capsules/twice daily | 2 capsules/twice daily | - | Improving intestinal flora structure | Proportion of Lactobacillus and Eubacterium eligens↑ | No adverse effects | 3/33 Headache; Diarrhoea |
Oh et al. [24] | Probiotic capsules | Placebo capsules | 1 capsule/day | 1 capsule/day | - | - | 2 h-PPG↓; HbA1c↓ | 3/20 | 4/17 |
Kassaian et al. [10] | Probiotic powder | Synbiotics powder/Placebo powder | 6 g/d | 6 g/d | - | - | Hyperglycaemia↓; Hypertension↓; Metabolic syndrome↓ Low HDL-C↓ | 2/27 Mild flatulence, dysphagia, and dyspepsia | 5/28 Mild flatulence, dysphagia, and dyspepsia |
Stefanaki et al. [25] | Probiotic sachets | Life-style intervention | twice daily | twice daily | LPSs; FFAs; m-TORC; IL-17 A; Butyrate; GLUT-2 | Decreasing LPS and proinflammatory cytokines; Regulating intestinal bacteriome; Alleviating excessive FFAs | FBG↓; HbA1c↓ | Bloating, flatulence, and constipation | No adverse effects |