Fig. 4

Representation of mitochondrial-internalization mechanisms used in mesotherapy. A Schematic illustration showing the potential strategy of using IONPs to augment intercellular mitochondrial transfer from hMSCs. B Increased mitochondrial biogenesis in PGC-1a–activated human brain ECs might permit the engineering of EVs with a higher mitochondrial load-m/IEVs (mitochondrial/IONPs-EVs). C Techniques developed to improve exogenous-mitochondrion internalization