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Fig. 2 | Journal of Translational Medicine

Fig. 2

From: Mitochondrial transplantation: opportunities and challenges in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Fig. 2

Comparison of healthy and type 2 diabetic phenotypes. In individuals with T2D, islet β-cells undergo apoptosis, and the function of the surviving cells is impaired, which results in markedly reduced insulin levels in circulation. Additionally, peripheral-tissue insulin resistance impairs the action of insulin, resulting in reduced uptake of glucose from circulation as a result of decreased GLUT4 translocation to the membrane. Reduced insulin levels result in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and subsequent T2D-associated symptoms manifest. Inappropriate glucagon secretion, diminished incretin hormone action, increased proinsulin secretion, impaired pancreatic-islet neural regulation, and islet amyloid deposition are also characteristics of T2D

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