Table 3 TMAO, TMA and their precursors concentrations in stool, serum and urine
Parameter [µM/l] | Control group | L group | H group | Kruskal–Wallis test |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Stool | ||||
 TMA | 19.70 (13.86; 30.38) | 30.14 (21.27; 41.67) | 54.62 (47.88; 79.21)** | P = 0.003 |
 Choline | 77.55 (67.81; 92.10) | 61.87 (57.19; 84.98) | 81.52 (77.15; 88.23) | P = 0.41 |
 Carnitine | 8.91 (7.43; 11.49) | 6.07 (3.97; 8.03) | 6.52 (5.87; 7.62) | P = 0.26 |
Serum | ||||
 TMAO | 8.96 (6.46; 11.85) | 26.25 (25.30; 31.67)* | 49.50 (45.84; 84.76)*** | P < 0.001 |
 TMA | 0.04 (0.03; 0.04) | 0.14 (0.09; 0.17)* | 0.32 (0.27; 0.64)*** | P < 0.001 |
 Choline | 75.92 (60.91; 104.79) | 117.31 (93.88; 135.97) | 95.77 (78.62; 110.24) | P = 0.13 |
 Carnitine | 66.77 (60.34; 70.64) | 74.90 (64.88; 80.64) | 66.47 (57.60; 73.78) | P = 0.29 |
Urine | ||||
 TMAO | 584.98 (448.50; 686.60) | 6 143.59 (5 569.76; 6 449.26)* | 14 049.76 (13 902.77; 15 586.82)***; # | P < 0.001 |
 TMA | 15.18 (9.75; 20.99) | 15.10 (12.94; 16.37) | 257.37 (207.48; 324.83)***; ### | P < 0.001 |
 Choline | 94.41 (69.78; 151.54) | 135.07 (118.75; 160.19) | 137.25 (129.10; 154.52) | P = 0.27 |
 Carnitine | 169.45 (142.06; 232.12) | 153.41 (141.67; 171.76) | 134.18 (123.83; 165.68) | P = 0.23 |