Table 1 Sensitivity analysis for the causal association between blood metabolites and epilepsy

Amino acid

 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate

8

1.71 (1.06, 2.76)

1.73 (0.96, 3.09)

1.16 (0.17, 7.98)

4.59 (0%)

 Phenol sulfate

6

0.78 (0.63, 0.96)

0.85 (0.67, 1.09)

0.83 (0.45, 1.54)

6.24 (19.87%)

Carbohydrate

 Lactate

6

0.59 (0.34, 0.99)

0.66 (0.34, 1.26)

0.33 (0.06, 1.72)

3.37 (0%)

 Bilirubin (Z,Z)

15

0.94 (0.87, 1.01)

0.97 (0.89, 1.05)

1.00 (0.88, 1.14)

16.4 (14.63%)

 Threonate

8

1.44 (1.05, 1.97)

1.30 (0.89, 1.88)

1.11 (0.53, 2.36)

2.99 (0%)

Energy

 Phosphate

3

2.23 (0.94, 5.27)

2.37 (0.95, 5.88)

5.79 (0.31, 108.58)

0.49 (0%)

Lipid

 1-myristoylglycerophosphocholine

4

0.75 (0.55, 1.02)

0.71 (0.50, 1.02)

0.58 (0.30, 1.15)

2.59 (0%)

 2-hydroxystearate

28

1.85 (1.29, 2.65)

1.58 (0.98, 2.53)

3.22 (0.96, 10.80)

34.0 (20.59%)

 2-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine

22

1.27 (0.97, 1.67)

1.11 (0.80, 1.54)

1.06 (0.73, 1.54)

27.5 (23.64%)

 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate

14

1.10 (0.99, 1.21)

1.07 (0.95, 1.21)

1.10 (0.93, 1.29)

11.8 (0%)

 Decanoylcarnitine

15

0.80 (0.69, 0.94)

0.78 (0.65, 0.94)

0.75 (0.53, 1.05)

9.97 (0%)

 Myo-inositol

33

0.69 (0.53, 0.91)

0.67 (0.46, 0.96)

0.91 (0.52, 1.60)

30.7 (0%)

 Palmitoleate (16:1n7)

7

1.37 (1.04, 1.80)

1.19 (0.83, 1.71)

1.20 (0.62, 2.32)

9.22 (34.92%)

Nucleotide

 Uridine

16

2.57 (1.55, 4.27)

2.32 (1.19, 4.52)

3.83 (0.79, 18.59)

17.7 (15.25%)

Peptide

 Gamma-glutamylphenylalanine

28

0.69 (0.50, 0.93)

0.60 (0.36, 0.98)

0.59 (0.35, 1.00)

34.2 (21.05%)

Xenobiotic

 Caffeine

9

1.09 (1.00, 1.19)

1.09 (0.98, 1.21)

1.02 (0.81, 1.29)

4.83 (0%)

 p-acetamidophenylglucuronide

25

0.99 (0.99, 1.00)

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

1.00 (0.98, 1.01)

11.1 (0%)

Unknown

 X-04495

10

0.66 (0.44, 0.97)

0.71 (0.42, 1.18)

5.98 (0.51, 70.7)

8.92 (0%)

 X-06267

10

1.45 (1.01, 2.06)

1.41 (0.90, 2.22)

0.94 (0.40, 2.19)

12.0 (25.00%)

 X-11247

15

0.90 (0.81, 1.00)

0.93 (0.81, 1.06)

0.87 (0.68, 1.10)

11.9 (0%)

 X-11299

9

0.88 (0.77, 1.01)

0.93 (0.79, 1.11)

1.40 (0.62, 3.17)

8.85 (9.60%)

 X-11374

13

0.85 (0.74, 0.98)

0.85 (0.72, 1.00)

0.62 (0.35, 1.08)

6.25 (0%)

 X-11847

11

1.13 (1.02, 1.25)

1.11 (0.97, 1.26)

1.23 (0.98, 1.55)

7.72 (0%)

 X-12038

41

0.76 (0.57, 1.01)

0.83 (0.57, 1.22)

1.13 (0.22, 5.80)

32.8 (0%)

 X-12093

14

0.92 (0.85, 1.00)

0.90 (0.81, 1.01)

0.94 (0.80, 1.10)

11.9 (0%)

 X-12094

6

1.36 (1.00, 1.84)

1.51 (1.07, 2.14)

1.84 (0.81, 4.16)

2.57 (0%)

 X-12749

37

0.71 (0.51, 0.97)

0.65 (0.44, 0.98)

0.41 (0.15, 1.10)

53.4 (32.58%)

 X-12844

12

0.74 (0.57, 0.98)

0.72 (0.51, 1.01)

0.42 (0.18, 0.98)

9.97 (0%)