Fig. 1
From: Assessing the causal association between human blood metabolites and the risk of epilepsy
Overview of the current Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Assumption 1, genetic variants are robustly associated with exposure; Assumption 2, genetic variants are not associated with confounders; Assumption 3, genetic variants affect the outcomes only through the exposure of interest. SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms; LD, linkage disequilibrium; RAPS, robust adjusted profile scores; WM, weighted median; LOO, leave-one-out; ILAE, the International League Against Epilepsy.