Fig. 2

Microbial diversity and structure of the renal pelvis urobiome between the stone group and the control group. a A Venn diagram exhibited the shared and unique species between the two groups. b Comparison of alpha diversity (Chao1, Shannon index, and Simpson index) between the two groups. c Comparison of beta diversity between the two groups based on Bray–Curtis distance, Binary Jaccard distance and Euclidean distance. 3D-PCoA plot showed the clustering of bacterial taxa in the two groups based on three distance matrices, with each point corresponding to a sample and colored according to the sample type. PERMANOVA revealed that the urobiome of the stone side was similar to that of the non-stone side