Table 3 List of different cellular surface markers according to origin and function

PMPs

CD41

αIIb chain

Platelet

They can bind together to form the glycoprotein GPIIa/IIb (integrin αIIbβ3) which is a member of the integrin transmembrane family. The major binding site contains the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence presenting in several adhesive proteins, such as von Willebrand factor (VWF). Inside-out signalling activates the complex, permitting binding to VWF through platelet activation

[151]

CD61

β3 integrin

CD42a

GPIb/V/IX

Platelet

Two membrane glycoproteins that bind together to form (GP)Ib‐IX‐V complex. (GP)Ib‐IX‐V is expressed on platelets' surfaces and is involved in thrombosis, acting as a receptor for vWF and other molecules such as thrombin

[152]

CD42b

GP1bα

CD62P

P‐selectin

Platelet

Also known as Platelet Activation‐Dependent Granule to External Membrane Protein (PADGEM) or Granule Membrane Protein 140 (GMP‐140). It is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed by activated platelets and plays a key role in immune cell adhesion and rolling

[153]

PAC1

GPIIb/IIIa

Platelet (activation marker)

It is present only on the surface of activated platelets and recognises an epitope on the GPIIb/IIIa complex of activated platelets at or near the platelet fibrinogen receptor

[154]

CD63

Platelet

CD63 is located in the lysosomal integral membrane and is rapidly redistributed to the platelet surface when platelets are stimulated

[35]

CD40L

Platelet

It can act as a good candidate for platelet activation in an auto-amplification loop. CD40L is involved in inflammation and a panoply of immune-related and vascular pathologies

[155]

EMPs

CD54

Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM‐1)

Endothelial cell

It is an inducible cell adhesion protein that plays a role in leukocyte and endothelium interaction to regulate vascular permeability. It is also induced by inflammation and is expressed on a wide range of immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages

[156]

CD62E

Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1(E‐selectin/ELAM-1)

Endothelial cell (activation marker)

A cell adhesion molecule is induced in response to inflammation and is thought to play a role in recruiting leukocytes to the sites of injury

[154, 157, 158]

CD105

Endoglin

Endothelial cell

CD105 is a component of the receptor complex of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-βinvolved in cellular proliferation, differentiation and migration

[158,159,160,161,162]

CD144

Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE‐cadherin)

Endothelial cell

Constitutively expressed at endothelial adherence junctions. It plays a role in controlling vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation

[163]

CD31

Platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM‐1)

Endothelial cell

It is expressed in most vascular compartment cells. It is found at cell junctions in endothelial cells and plays various roles in inflammation and vascular biology

[164]

CD146

Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM)

Endothelial cell

An adhesion molecule involved in cell signalling, vascular permeability, and immune response

[165]

CD106

Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM‐1)

Endothelial cell

It is a transmembrane glycoprotein and is a marker of endothelial cell activation and inflammation

[166]

CD51

Vitronectin receptor/vitronectin and fibronectin receptor

Endothelial cell

It may be related to increased airway inflammation and repair processes in response to injury

[167]

TMPs

CD47

Tumour cell

CD47 interacts with signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) on macrophages and monocytes to prevent phagocytosis

[168]

EpCAM

Tumour cell

It promotes tumour invasion when expressed in its highly-glycosylated isoform on tumour-derived MPs (T-MPs) [2]

[88, 169, 170]

CD147

Extra-cellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN)

Tumour cell

T-MPs stimulate cancer cell invasion via a direct feedback mechanism dependent on highly glycosylated EMMPRIN by activation of the p38/MAPK signalling pathway

[88]

MMPs

CD11b

Monocyte

It may participate in degrading alveolar walls

[88]

CD11c

CD14

Lipopolysaccharide receptor (LPS-R)

Monocyte

lPs receptor, present on the surface of monocytes/macrophages

[154]

CD64

Macrophages

Alveolar macrophage surface marker

[171]

CD16

Macrophages

Act as a surface marker of macrophage activation

[172]

CD32

FcyRII

Macrophages

It plays a major role in the regulation of humoral immune responses

[173]

LMPs

CD13

Aminopeptidase N

Leukocyte

Present on the surface of granulocytes and monocytes

[154]

CD56

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)

Leukocyte

It plays an important role in cell–cell adhesion

[154]

CD45

Leukocyte

Pan leukocyte marker

[154]