Fig. 1
From: TA-MSCs, TA-MSCs-EVs, MIF: their crosstalk in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment
A TA-MSCs promote immunosuppressive cells by secreting EVs and cytokines to indirectly promote tumor progression. B TA-MSCs inhibit anti-tumor immune cells by secreting EVs and cytokines to indirectly promote tumor progression. C TA-MSCs directly promote tumor progression by promoting tumor cells proliferation, migration, invasion. EMT and drug resistance, and inhibiting apoptosis. D TA-MSCs indirectly promote tumor progression by promoting tumor stem cells formation, tumor angiogenesis, fusion with tumor cells and spontaneous malignant transformation