Source of Exos | Study model | Route of delivery | Dose | Duration | Outcomes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSCs | Mouse experimental periodontitis model | Locally injection | 50 μg per mouse | 14 days | Improve the treatment by restoring the Th17 cell/Treg balance through the miR-1246/Nfat5 axis | [46] |
DPSCs | Mouse experimental periodontitis model | Incorporated chitosan hydrogel | 50 μg | 4 weeks | Facilitate macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype and promote alveolar bone healing | [47] |
HHH-DPSCs | Mouse experimental periodontitis model | Directly applied onto the silk ligature | 5 μL containing 7.5 × 108 particles | 7 days | Promote the migration of both DPCs and osteoblastic cells; suppress osteoclast formation | [48] |
PDLSCs | Rat periodontal bone defect model | Mixed with Matrigel | Exos (225 μg/μL): Matrigel = 2:1 (v/v) | 4 weeks | Suppress overactivation Wnt signaling, recover osteogenic differentiation capacity of inflammatory PDLSCs | [49] |
TNF-α-treated human GMSCs | Mouse experimental periodontitis model | Locally injection | 20 μg per mouse | 7 days | Regulate inflammation and osteoclastogenesis | [50] |
SHED | Mouse experimental periodontitis model | Locally injection | 20 μg | 2 weeks | Restore bone loss, promote BMSCs osteogenesis, differentiation, and bone formation | [51] |
SHED | Rat periodontal defect models | h β-TCP scaffffolds loaded with Exos | 2 μg/μL Exos in 100 μL PBS | 4 weeks | Contribute to periodontal bone regeneration through the AMPK signaling pathway | [52] |
induced M2-like macrophages | Mouse experimental periodontitis model | Locally injection | 30 μL (500 ng/ml) | 2 weeks | Reduce alveolar bone resorption in mice with periodontitis via IL-10/IL-10R pathway | [53] |
ADSCs | Rat experimental periodontitis model | Locally injection | 80–150 µg in 200 µL PBS | 4 weeks | Represent a promising adjunctive treatment to SRP | [54] |
salivary Exos | Insulin resistance-associated mouse experimental periodontitis model | Locally injection | miR-25-3p inhibitors (100 μl of 8 nM) | 9 days | Exosomal miR-25-3p in saliva contribute to development and progression of diabetes-associated periodontitis | [55] |