From: 5-methylcytosine RNA methyltransferases and their potential roles in cancer
Regulator | Target RNA(s) | Modification installed | Biological functions | Mechanisms | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSUN1/NOP2 | 28S rRNA | m5C4447 | Unknown | Unknown | [12] |
telomerase RNA component | Unknown | Maintain the proliferation of human tumor cells | Activates and regulates cyclin D1 gene transcription | [16] | |
TAR RNA in HIV-1 virus | Unknown | Inhibit viral transcription and increase its latency | Competes with Tat protein binding to TAR | [17] | |
NSUN2 | mRNA | various | Enhance cellular migration | Promotes the translation and export of ATX mRNA | |
Regulate cellular senescence and proliferation | Regulates the translation of SHC, CDK1, p21, and p27 mRNAs | ||||
Mediate vascular inflammation and allograft arteriosclerosis | Upregulates the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA | [32] | |||
nuclear or cytoplasmic tRNA | m5C48/49/50 | Regulate cellular response to external stress stimuli | Regulates the stability and cleavage of cytoplasmic tRNAs | ||
Regulate protein synthesis of cells | Promotes stability and translational efficiency of tRNA | ||||
mitochondrial tRNA | m5C48/49/50 | Unknown | Unknown | [44] | |
vtRNA | various | Regulate epidermal differentiation | Determines vtRNA processing to svRNA | ||
microRNA-125b | m6A9,15 | Repress the function of silencing gene expression | Inhibits processing and maturation of microRNA | ||
lncRNA | various | Regulate the progression of cancer | Enhances lncRNA stability | ||
NSUN3 | mt-tRNAMet | m5C34 | Promote mitochondrial translation and regulate mitochondrial activity | Enables mt-tRNAMet to recognize AUA and AUG codons | |
NSUN4 | mt-12S rRNA | m5C911 | Regulate mitochondrial protein synthesis | Regulates maturation and assembly of mt-ribosome | |
NSUN5 | 28S rRNA | m5C3782 | Regulate global protein synthesis and proliferation of cells | Maintains the structural stability of the tertiary complex rRNA–tRNA–mRNA | |
Tpm1 mRNA? | Unknown | Maintain the normal morphogenesis of the cardiac outflow tract | Regulates the translation of Tpm1 mRNA | [99] | |
NSUN6 | tRNACys/Thr | m5C72 | Unknown | Unknown | [104] |
mRNA | various | Suppress the development of pancreatic cancer | May enhance expression of CDK10 mRNA | [154] | |
Regulate bone metastasis of breast cancer | Affects the kinase activity of MST1 and activate YAP | [105] | |||
NSUN7 | eRNA | Unknown | May regulate cellular metabolism | Enhances the transcription and stability of eRNA | [106] |
DNMT2 | tRNAAsp | m5C38 | Regulate cellular response to external stress stimuli | Regulates tRNA stability and mediates its cleavage | |
Regulate cellular differentiation and protein synthesis accuracy | Discriminates near-cognate codons | [119] | |||
mRNA? | Unknown | Affect the migration and invasion of HEK293 cells | Unknown | [120] |