Fig. 2

CD4 + T cell heterogeneity in ECCA. A UMAP plot of CD4 + T cells from ECCA patients, with each cell color coded by cell subcluster according to gene expression characteristics. B The heatmap shows the normalized mean expression of marker genes in each CD4 + T cell subcluster. C UMAP plot of the color-coded CD4 + T cells from tumor tissues, paratumor tissues and peripheral blood from ECCA patients. D The proportion of five CD4 + T cell subclusters in peripheral blood, paratumor, and tumor tissues from ECCA patients. E Volcano plot showing differentially expressed genes between conventional T cells (Tcons) and Treg cells. Each red square denotes a highly expressed gene in Treg cells that met the p value and fold difference criteria. F Venn diagram showing the overlap of Treg genes identified in this study with those from previous studies by Zheng et al. [10], De Simone et al., [27] and Tirosh et al. [13] G Violin plots showing the expression of overlapping genes recurrently identified in ECCA data and previous studies across paratumor-infiltrating Tregs (P-Tregs), tumor-infiltrating Tregs (T-Tregs) and Tcon