Fig. 1

CSE activated LF by inducing mtNOX4- and SOD2- mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress. A Cells pretreated with or without MitoQ for 1 h were treated with CSE for 24 h, and then incubated with MitoSOX Red indicator for 10 min in dark. Then, pictures were captured by fluorescence microscopy. B Co-localization of NOX4 and COX IV was examined by immunofluorescence. C Protein levels of SOD2 in total cell lysate and NOX4 in mitochondrial lysate were detected. D Cells pretreated with or without MitoQ for 1 h were stimulated with CSE for 24 h. Then, the level of Collagen I and α-SMA were examined. *p < 0.05 versus control, ^#p < 0.05 versus CSE (n = 3). CSE cigarette smoke extract, mtNOX4 mitochondrial NADPH oxidase 4, MitoQ mitoquinone