Subgroups | Number of articles | Sample size | I2 | Begg and Mazumdar | Prevalence % (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continents | |||||
 Asia | 2 | 227 | 96.82 | – | 24.7 (95% CI 12.1–43.7) |
 Europe | 17 | 1777 | 98.12 | 0.433 | 45.7 (95% CI 33.3–58.5) |
 America | 6 | 1446 | 96.90 | 0.452 | 51.3 (95% CI 31.7–70.6) |
 African | 1 | 81 | 0.000 | – | 64.2 (95% CI 53.2–73.9) |
 Australia | 1 | 2973 | 0.000 | – | 7.3 (95% CI 6.4–8.3) |
Diagnostic tools | |||||
 Physical examination | 12 | 6089 | 98.69 | 0.243 | 40.9 (95% CI 26.3–57.3) |
 Volume–viscosity swallow test | 10 | 1273 | 97.76 | 1.000 | 54.4 (95% CI 39.2–68.8) |
 Swallow questionnaire | 3 | 255 | 97.21 | 1.000 | 20.4 (95% CI 9.6–38.4) |
Population | |||||
 Children | 2 | 192 | 81.10 | – | 72.3 (95% CI 55.5–84.6) |
 Adults | 8 | 4816 | 98.69 | 0.386 | 32.6 (95% CI 17.7–52.0) |
 Elderly | 11 | 1400 | 98.56 | 0.119 | 48.1 (95% CI 31.9–64.7) |
 General population | 3 | 4149 | 99.25 | 1.000 | 13.4 (95% CI 4.4–34.5) |
 Pneumonia | 2 | 288 | 91.92 | – | 44.6 (95% CI 25.8–65.0) |
 Dementia | 3 | 1080 | 99.10 | 1.000 | 72.4 (95% CI 26.7–95.0) |
 Head and neck cancer | 2 | 587 | 97.60 | – | 31.5 (95% CI 8.9–68.4) |
 Stroke | 5 | 875 | 94.96 | 0.806 | 55.4 (95% CI 37.2–72.2) |
Gender | |||||
 Male | 11 | 1141 | 94.36 | 0.161 | 54.7 (95% CI 40.1–68.6) |
 Female | 11 | 1667 | 97.00 | 0.876 | 46.5 (95% CI 31.3–62.5) |