Table 2 The characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
First author, year, (References) | Country (continent) | Sample size (n) | Age (year) | Type of study | Diagnostic tool | Prevalence (%) | Population | Quality score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |||||||
Wolf, 2020, [23] | Germany (Europe) | 200 | 69 | 131 | 84 ± 6.5 | Cross-sectional retrospective | Physical examination | 29.0 | – | – | Elderly | 9 |
Ruth, 1991, [24] | Sweden (Europe) | 337 | – | – | 20–79 | Cross-sectional | Physical examination | 10.0 | – | – | General population | 4 |
Cabre, 2010, [25] | Spain (Europe) | 134 | 80 | 54 | 84.51 ± 6.8 | Prospective cohort | Physical examination | 55.0 | – | – | Elderly patients with pneumonia | 5 |
Melgaard, 2017, [26] | Denmark (Europe) | 154 | 84 | 70 | 80.90 ± 10.58 | Cross-sectional observational | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 34.42 | 47.61 | 17.14 | Elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia | 7 |
Michel, 2018, [27] | France (Europe) | 117 | 40 | 77 | 84.5 ± 5.1 | Prospective study | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 86.6 | 95.0 | 81.81 | Older patients with dementia | 7 |
Elvira, 2020, [28] | Spain (Europe) | 255 | 98 | 157 | 83.5 ± 8 | Prospective longitudinal quasi-experimental | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 85.9 | 85.35 | 61.2 | Older patients with dementia | 8 |
Holland, 2011, [29] | UK (Europe) | 637 | 149 | 488 | 89 (69–98) | Longitudinal study | Swallow questionnaire | 11.4 | – | – | Elderly | 5 |
Garcı´a-Peris, 2007, [30] | Spain (Europe) | 87 | – | – | 58.2 ± 13.5 | Cross-sectional retrospective | Physical examination | 50.6 | – | – | Head and neck cancer | 8 |
Rofes, 2018, [31] | Spain (Europe) | 395 | 211 | 184 | 73.2 ± 13.3 | Cohort | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 45.06 | 38.86 | 52.2 | Stroke | 7 |
Mateos-Nozal, 2020, [32] | Spain (Europe) | 329 | 104 | 225 | 93.5 (81–106) | Observational prospective | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 82.4 | 87.5 | 70.8 | Elderly | 8 |
Falsetti, 2009, [33] | Italy (Europe) | 151 | 77 | 74 | 79.4 ± 6.2 | Cross-sectional retrospective | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 26.5 | 40.25 | 12.16 | Stroke | 4 |
Lendinez-Mesa, 2017, [34] | Spain (Europe) | 124 | 88 | 36 | 56.45 ± 12.35 | Cross-sectional | Physical examination | 79.3 | – | – | Stroke | 6 |
Serra-Prat, 2012, [35] | Spain (Europe) | 254 | 136 | 118 | 77.4 ± 5.0 | Population-based prospective study | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 18.6 | 9.5 | 28.8 | Elderly | 6 |
Hamdy, 2014, [36] | UK (Europe) | 180 | 93 | 87 | 74.2 ± 11.5 | Cross-sectional | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 41.7 | – | – | Stroke | 4 |
Stefano, 2020, [37] | Italy (Europe) | 708 | 367 | 341 | 75.9 ± 8.6 | Cross-sectional retrospective | Physical examination | 32.7 | – | – | Older patients with dementia | 7 |
Melgaard, 2018, [38] | Denmark (Europe) | 313 | 138 | 175 | 83.1 ± 7.8 | Cross-sectional observational | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 50.0 | 52.17 | 48.0 | Acute Geriatric Patients | 8 |
Lindh, 2017, [39] | Sweden (Europe) | 51 | – | – | 48.3 ± 6.3 | Observational prospective | Physical examination | 49.0 | – | – | COPD | 7 |
David, 2008, [21] | Australia (Australia) | 2973 | – | – | 49.4 (15–95) | Population-based prospective study | Physical examination | 7.3 | – | – | General population | 6 |
Yang, 2013, [40] | Korea (Asia) | 415 | 195 | 220 | 77.3 ± 8.7 | Cohort | Swallow questionnaire | 33.7 | 39.5 | 28.6 | Elderly | 7 |
Biglary, 2019, [41] | Iran (Asia) | 500 | – | – | 48.1 ± 7.5 | Cross-sectional study was a descriptive-analytic study | Physical examination | 17.39 | – | – | Neurological diseases and head and neck surgery | 5 |
Costa, 2019, [42] | South African (African) | 81 | – | – | 11.7 ± 15.6 day | Prospective cross-sectional observational | Clinical feeding assessments | 64.2 | – | – | Neonates | 7 |
Chiocca, 2005, [43] | Argentina (America) | 839 | 373 | 466 | 39.9 ± 15.4 | Cross-Sectional Observational | Physical examination | 29.6 | – | – | General population | 7 |
Jacinto-Scudeiro, 2019, [44] | Brasil (America) | 36 | 6 | 30 | 34.7 ± 16.8 | Cross-sectional | Swallow questionnaire | 33.0 | – | – | Paraplegia | 5 |
Delevatti, 2020, [45] | Brasil (America) | 229 | 49 | 180 | 77.90 ± 8.21 | Cross-sectional | Volume–viscosity swallow test | 58.0 | 49.0 | 60.5 | Older adults with orthopedic fractures | 6 |
Almeida, 2015, [22] | Brasil (America) | 25 | – | – | 62 (44–80) | Descriptive retrospective | Physical examination | 96.0 | – | – | Stroke | 4 |
Samantha, 2015, [46] | Colorado (America) | 206 | 9 | 187 | 32 (23–47) | Large retrospective review | Swallow questionnaire | 20.38 | 44.44 | 20.32 | Patients with severe anorexia nervosa | 5 |
Benfer, 2018, [47] | USA (America) | 111 | 82 | 29 | 34.1 ± 11.9 month | Longitudinal population-based cohort | Physical examination | 79.7 | – | – | Children with cerebral palsy | 5 |