Table 3 Probiotics administration for the management of CRC patients

27

6 viable microorganisms of Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria

Twice daily 107 mg (orally) probiotics for 6 months

Reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17C and IL-22

[112]

57

2 mg Enterococcus faecalis T110, 10 mg Clostridium butyricum TO-A, and 10 mg Bacillus mesentericus TO-A

Daily (six tablets/day) for 15 days

Reduced the incidence of post-operative complications, including superficial incisional infections, time of meal intake, and time of flatus

[113]

8

1.4 × 10¹⁰ CFUs Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04, 7 × 10⁹ CFUs Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and 0.63 g inulin

Daily (two tablets/day) 8–78 days

- Increased bacterial diversity

- Increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, including Faecalibacterium and Clostridiales spp

- Reduced CRC-associated genera, including Fusobacterium and

Peptostreptococcus

[114]

84

Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 (1.75 × 10⁹ cfu), Lactobacillus plantarum (0.5 × 10⁹ cfu), Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 (1.75 × 10⁹ cfu), and Saccharomyces boulardii (1.5 × 10⁹ cfu)

One day before operation and continuing for another 15 days post-operatively

- Decreased the rate of all postoperative major complications, including pneumonia, anastomotic leakage, and surgical site infections

- Shortened the time until hospital discharge

[115]

98

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation (twice daily at a dose of 1–2 × 10¹⁰) and fiber (11 g guar gum per day) during chemotherapy

For 24 weeks

Reduced the frequency of diarrhea and abdominal discomfort

[116]

70

6 viable microorganisms of Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria plus omega-3 fatty acid at a dose of 2 g

- Probiotics for 4 weeks

- Omega-3 fatty acid for 8 weeks

- Improved the overall quality of life

- Alleviated certain side effects of chemotherapy

- Reduced inflammatory biomarkers, including IL-6

[117]

28

2 × 10⁹ cfu Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus acidophilus

R0052

For 12 weeks

- Decreased irritable bowel symptoms

- Improved cancer-related quality of life

[118]