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Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analyses of risk variables for association with cognitive impairment-stratified by age

From: The impact of heavy alcohol consumption on cognitive impairment in young old and middle old persons

Variables

Cognitive impairment

60–69 y

70+ y

aOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

Alcohol consumption (Ref = Drinkers)

 

 Non-drinkers

1.500 (0.734–3.065)

0.865 (0.505–1.480)

 Heavy drinkers

0.280 (0.095–0.826)

2.929 (0.624–13.74)

Demographic

  

 Gender (Ref = Female)

  

  Male

2.696 (1.537–4.730)

1.733 (1.132–2.654)

 Race (Ref = Non-Hispanic white)

  

  Others (including multi-racial)

1.019 (0.371–2.799)

0.888 (0.432–1.823)

  Other Hispanic

4.604 (1.395–15.19)

4.941 (1.997–12.22)

  Mexican American

4.678 (2.112–10.35)

2.447 (1.209–4.951)

  Non-Hispanic black

8.041 (4.436–14.57)

5.180 (3.117–8.610)

 Education (Ref = College or above)

  

  Under 12th grade

16.91 (8.669–33.00)

3.279 (2.046–5.254)

  High school graduate

5.132 (2.587–10.18)

1.399 (0.973–2.010)

 Marital status (Ref = Married/ Living with partner)

 

  Widowed/Divorced/Separated

0.920 (0.513–1.652)

1.379 (0.889–2.139)

  Never married

2.644 (0.922–7.584)

1.063 (0.255–4.435)

 Income ratio (Ref = 4–5 (richest))

  

  < 1 (Below poverty level)

2.782 (1.177–6.579)

2.329 (1.031–5.257)

  1–1.99

2.960 (1.302–6.728)

1.940 (1.136–3.312)

  2–3.99

0.846 (0.339–2.111)

1.242 (0.690–2.237)

Lifestyle

  

 Smoking (Ref = Non-smoker)

  

  Current smoker

0.890 (0.440–1.800)

0.724 (0.313–1.675)

  Former smoker

1.049 (0.579–1.900)

0.814 (0.546–1.215)

 Physical activity (Ref = Active)

  

  Inactive

1.102 (0.629–1.930)

1.674 (1.091–2.569)

 BMI (Ref = Normal)

  

  Underweight

22.56 (4.054–125.5)

1.493 (0.450–4.951)

  Overweight

0.542 (0.241–1.218)

0.548 (0.365–0.823)

  Obese

0.499 (0.269–0.925)

0.496 (0.264–0.932)

 Attend social events (Ref = No difficulty)

 

  Difficulty

2.256 (0.600–8.482)

2.817 (1.547–5.132)

 Comorbidities (Ref = Without)

  

  Diabetes mellitus

0.930 (0.496–1.745)

1.502 (0.937–2.408)

  Hypertension

1.923 (1.155–3.202)

1.707 (1.160–2.513)

  Stroke

4.823 (1.527–15.23)

1.285 (0.707–2.334)

  CKD

3.121 (1.337–7.287)

1.835 (1.052–3.202)

  1. Ref: reference; BMI: Body Mass Index; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease