Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of risk variables for association with cognitive impairment

Alcohol consumption

 Non-drinkers (Ref = Drinkers)

2.028 (1.616–2.546)

1.531 (0.889–2.635)

 Heavy drinkers

1.512 (0.800–2.859)

0.330 (0.131–0.832)

 Drinkers (Ref = Non-drinkers)

0.493 (0.393–0.619)

0.653 (0.380–1.124)

 Heavy drinker

0.746 (0.387–1.437)

0.216 (0.086–0.542)

Demographic

 Age, years (Ref = 60–69 y)

  70+

2.922 (2.444–3.493)

6.501 (3.076–13.74)

 Gender (Ref = female)

  Male

1.208 (1.017–1.434)

1.826 (1.334–2.500)

 Race (Ref = Non-Hispanic white)

  Others

0.975 (0.657–1.446)

1.042 (0.563–1.928)

  Other Hispanic

5.292 (3.641–7.690)

4.352 (2.123–8.922)

  Mexican American

4.485 (3.523–5.709)

3.741 (2.093–6.688)

  Non-Hispanic black

4.708 (3.801–5.831)

5.965 (4.171–8.530)

 Education (Ref = College or above)

  Under 12th grade

9.069 (7.493–10.97)

5.075 (3.506–7.346)

  High school graduate

2.458 (1.978–3.056)

2.004 (1.501–2.675)

 Marital status (Ref = Married/Living with partner)

  Widowed/Divorced/Separated

2.019 (1.698–2.400)

1.205 (0.855–1.699)

  Never married

1.641 (1.105–2.438)

1.561 (0.666–3.662)

 Income ratio (Ref = 4–5 (richest))

  < 1 (Below poverty level)

11.634 (8.362–16.18)

3.077 (1.804–5.251)

  1–1.99

6.107 (4.516–8.260)

2.358 (1.549–3.591)

  2–3.99

2.150 (1.571–2.944)

1.144 (0.720–1.816)

Lifestyle

 Smoking (Ref = Non-smoker)

  Current smoker

1.166 (0.908–1.497)

  Former smoker

1.021 (0.868–1.200)

 Physical activity (Ref = Active)

  Inactive

2.208 (1.824–2.671)

1.332 (0.966–1.837)

 BMI^b (Ref = Normal)

  Underweight

1.659 (0.971–2.832)

  Overweight

0.887 (0.706–1.114)

  Obese

0.892 (0.718–1.108)

Attend social events (Ref = No difficulty)

 Difficulty

3.405 (2.785–4.163)

2.876 (1.810–4.568)

 Comorbidities (Ref = Without)

  Diabetes Mellitus

1.770 (1.479–2.119)

1.156 (0.734–1.819)

  Hypertension

1.731 (1.473–2.034)

1.554 (1.171–2.063)

  Stroke

2.820 (2.150–3.700)

1.470 (0.752–2.874)

  CKD

2.864 (2.320–3.536)

2.200 (1.455–3.326)

 Interaction term

  Heavy drinker*Age

8.052 (1.167–55.54)

  Non-drinker*Age

0.486 (0.243–0.972)