Fig. 1

Schematic diagrams of 3D imaging workflow for the assessment of PD-L1 expression of non-small cell lung cancer. A Workflow of tissue sectioning, staining, clearing, and imaging for the evaluation of PD-L1 expression in 3D. B The structure of artificial intelligence assistance in quantitation of PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS). Green: PD-L1; Red: DiD lipid-labeling dye; Blue: SYTO-16 nucleus-labeling dye; White mask: software-inferred tumor region; Orange circle: software-identified PD-L1-positive cell; White circle: software-identified PD-L1-negative cell