Fig. 2

uPAR was used as a target in nanoplatforms carrying therapeutic agents, PDT/PTT platforms, oncolytic virotherapy, gene therapy techniques, monoclonal antibody therapy and tumour immunotherapy to enhance antitumor effects. (1) uPAR-targeted nanoplatforms carrying therapeutic agents have great potential for the development of targeted therapeutic and imaging approaches that are capable of enhancing the therapeutic effect of nanoparticle drugs on various cancers. (2) uPAR-targeted PDT/PTT platforms may be regarded as promising cancer therapeutic strategies due to their unique advantages such as minor trauma, improved selectivity and reduced side effects. (3) uPAR-targeting oncolytic measles virus (MV-uPA) is an innovative biological strategy associated with potent antitumour effects. (4) uPAR-targeted gene therapy techniques using adenovirus-mediated antisense uPAR therapy, RNA interference (RNAi) technology and novel CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology may represent useful tools and provide new therapeutic options for aggressive cancers. (5) uPAR-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy may provide new breakthroughs in the development of anticancer therapy. (6) uPAR-targeted CAR T-cell immunotherapy and ARMs have the ability to target uPAR-expressing cancers for immune-mediated cell death. PDT/PTT photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy, MV-uPA uPAR-targeting oncolytic measles virus, RNAi RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic (CRISPR) in combination with a CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) nuclease system, CAR chimeric antigen receptor, ARMs antibody-recruiting molecules