Table 1 Clinicopathologic characteristics of all patients enrolled
Clinical characteristics | Lauren radiomics model | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training cohort (n = 300) | Validation cohort (n = 287) | External validation cohort (n = 106) | |||||||
Intestinal type (n = 150) | Diffuse type (n = 150) | p value | Intestinal type (n = 43) | Diffuse type (n = 244) | p value | Intestinal type (n = 57) | Diffuse type (n = 49) | p value | |
Gender, n | Â | Â | 0.146 | Â | Â | 0.040 | Â | Â | 0.355 |
 Male | 104 (69.3) | 92 (61.3) |  | 35 (81.4) | 160 (65.6) |  | 31 (54.4) | 31 (63.3) |  |
 Female | 46 (30.7) | 58 (38.7) |  | 8 (18.6) | 84 (34.4) |  | 26 (45.6) | 18 (36.7) |  |
Age, mean ± SD, years | 57.91 ± 10.97 | 54.95 ± 11.54 | 0.437 | 58.26 ± 10.56 | 54.11 ± 11.27 | 0.414 | 59.86 ± 12.72 | 61.71 ± 14.97 | 0.104 |
Age, n | Â | Â | 0.160 | Â | Â | 0.032 | Â | Â | 0.478 |
 < 60 | 81 (54.0) | 93 (62.0) |  | 22 (51.2) | 166 (68.0) |  | 24 (42.1) | 24 (49.0) |  |
 ≥ 60 | 69 (46.0) | 57 (38.0) |  | 21 (48.8) | 78 (32.0) |  | 33 (57.9) | 25 (51.0) |  |
Tumor size, cm | 2.84 ± 1.54 | 3.27 ± 1.89 | 0.034 | 2.57 ± 1.84 | 3.44 ± 2.05 | 0.308 | — | — | — |
Tumor size, n |  |  | 0.076 |  |  | 0.049 |  |  | — |
 < 4 cm | 113 (75.3) | 99 (66.0) |  | 33 (76.7) | 149 (66.5) |  | — | — |  |
 ≥ 4 cm | 37 (24.7) | 51 (34.0) |  | 10 (23.3) | 95 (33.5) |  | — | — |  |
Tumor location, n | Â | Â | 0.017 | Â | Â | 0.003 | Â | Â | 0.977 |
 Upper | 35 (23.3) | 16 (10.7) |  | 15 (34.9) | 36 (14.8) |  | 16 (28.1) | 14 (28.6) |  |
 Middle | 22 (14.7) | 27 (18.0) |  | 2 (4.7) | 41 (16.8) |  | 15 (26.3) | 12 (24.5) |  |
 Lower | 78 (52.0) | 82 (54.7) |  | 24 (48.8) | 135 (55.3) |  | 26 (45.6) | 23 (46.9) |  |
 Whole | 15 (10.0) | 25 (16.7) |  | 2 (4.7) | 32 (13.1) |  | 0 | 0 |  |
Differentiation status, n |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.009 |
 Well | 17 (11.3) | 1 (0.7) |  | 6 (14.0) | 1 (0.4) |  | 6 (10.5) | 0 (0) |  |
 Moderate | 61 (40.7) | 6 (4.0) |  | 20 (46.5) | 11 (4.5) |  | 21 (36.8) | 11 (22.4) |  |
 Poor and undifferentiated | 72 (48.0) | 143 (95.3) |  | 17 (39.5) | 232 (95.1) |  | 30 (52.6) | 38 (77.6) |  |
Borrmann type, n |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.029 |  |  | 0.177 |
 1 | 16 (10.7) | 8 (5.3) |  | 6 (14.0) | 18 (7.4) |  | 16 (28.1) | 14 (28.6) |  |
 2 | 47 (31.3) | 19 (12.7) |  | 15 (34.9) | 49 (20.1) |  | 29 (50.9) | 16 (32.7) |  |
 3 | 83 (55.3) | 110 (73.3) |  | 19 (44.2) | 132 (54.1) |  | 11 (19.3) | 17 (34.7) |  |
 4 | 4 (2.7) | 13 (8.7) |  | 3 (7.0) | 45 (18.4) |  | 1 (1.8) | 2 (4.1) |  |
CEA, n |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.007 |  |  | 0.009 |
 Elevated | 43 (28.7) | 73 (48.7) |  | 11 (25.6) | 117 (48.0) |  | 14 (24.6) | 24 (49.0) |  |
 Normal | 107 (71.3) | 77 (51.3) |  | 32 (74.4) | 127 (52.0) |  | 43 (75.4) | 25 (51.0) |  |
CA199, n |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.008 |  |  | 0.518 |
 Elevated | 44 (29.3) | 72 (48.0) |  | 11 (25.6) | 116 (47.5) |  | 11 (19.3) | 12 (24.5) |  |
 Normal | 106 (70.7) | 78 (52.0) |  | 32 (74.4) | 128 (52.5) |  | 46 (80.7) | 37 (75.5) |  |
Depth of invasion, n |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.421 |
 T1 | 40 (26.7) | 17 (11.3) |  | 17 (39.5) | 32 (13.1) |  | 9 (15.8) | 3 (6.1) |  |
 T2 | 25 (16.7) | 16 (10.7) |  | 8 (18.6) | 18 (7.4) |  | 79 (12.3) | 5 (10.2) |  |
 T3 | 13 (8.7) | 22 (14.7) |  | 3 (7.0) | 21 (8.6) |  | 10 (17.5) | 9 (18.4) |  |
 T4 | 72 (48.0) | 95 (63.3) |  | 15 (34.9) | 173 (70.9) |  | 31 (54.4) | 32 (65.3) |  |
Lymph node metastasis, n |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.019 |
 N0 | 78 (52.0) | 43 (28.7) |  | 34 (79.1) | 70 (28.7) |  | 22 (38.6) | 9 (18.4) |  |
 N1 | 18 (12.0) | 29 (19.3) |  | 3 (7.0) | 55 (22.5) |  | 14 (24.6) | 7 (14.3) |  |
 N2 | 23 (15.3) | 25 (16.7) |  | 3 (7.0) | 45 (18.4) |  | 10 (17.5) | 16 (32.7) |  |
 N3 | 31 (20.7) | 53 (35.3) |  | 3 (7.0) | 74 (30.3) |  | 11 (19.3) | 17 (34.7) |  |
Distant metastasis, n | Â | Â | 0.310 | Â | Â | 0.536 | Â | Â | 0.237 |
 M0 | 147 (98.0) | 144 (96.0) |  | 41 (95.3) | 237 (97.1) |  | 52 (91.2) | 41 (83.7) |  |
 M1 | 3 (2.0) | 6 (4.0) |  | 2 (4.7) | 7 (2.9) |  | 5 (8.8) | 8 (16.3) |  |
TNM stage, n |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.082 |
 I | 54 (36.0) | 24 (16.0) |  | 22 (51.2) | 37 (15.2) |  | 14 (24.6) | 4 (8.2) |  |
 II | 38 (25.3) | 29 (19.3) |  | 12 (27.9) | 46 (18.9) |  | 12 (21.1) | 8 (16.3) |  |
 III | 46 (30.7) | 75 (50.0) |  | 7 (16.4) | 131 (53.6) |  | 26 (45.6) | 29 (59.2) |  |
 IV | 12 (8.0) | 22 (14.7) |  | 2 (4.7) | 30 (12.3) |  | 5 (8.8) | 8 (16.3) |  |