Fig. 3

MR analysis and leave-one-out analysis of the causal effect of PD on COVID-19 severity (Hospitalized vs. population). A Scatter plots for MR analyses of the causal effect of PD on COVID-19 severity (Hospitalized vs. population). The slope of each line corresponding to the estimated MR effect per method. B Leave-one-out analysis of the causal effect of PD on COVID-19 severity (Hospitalized vs. population). Each black point represents the IVW MR method applied to estimate the causal effect of PD on COVID-19 susceptibility excluding that particular variant from the analysis. The red point represents the IVW estimate using all SNPs