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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

From: Relations of physical signs to genotype, lipid and inflammatory markers, coronary stenosis or calcification, and outcomes in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

 

Propensity matched 1:4

 

Total

(n = 250)

TX/CA

(n = 50)

Non-TX/CA

(n = 200)

p value

Demographic parameters

Age, year

47.8 ± 12.6

47.9 ± 13.0

47.7 ± 12.5

0.895

Men, % (n)

62.2 (140)

66.7 (30)

61.1 (110)

0.492

Coronary risk factors

BMI, kg/m2

25.1 ± 3.31

24.9 ± 3.43

25.1 ± 3.29

0.731

HT, % (n)

34.2 (77)

28.9 (13)

35.6 (64)

0.399

DM, % (n)

16.4 (37)

11.1 (5)

17.8 (32)

0.281

HC, % (n)

80.9 (182)

88.9 (40)

78.9 (142)

0.127

Smoking, % (n)

37.8 (85)

35.6 (16)

38.3 (69)

0.731

Family history of CAD, % (n)

37.3 (84)

35.6 (16)

37.8 (68)

0.783

Lipid parameters

TC, mmol/L

7.19 ± 2.24

7.66 ± 2.64

7.06 ± 2.11

0.167

TG, mmol/L

1.51 (1.15–2.13)

1.26 (1.09–1.56)

1.60 (1.22–2.30)

0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

5.34 ± 1.95

5.94 ± 2.38

5.19 ± 1.80

0.051

Uncontrolled LDL-C, mmol/L

7.90 ± 2.28

8.65 ± 2.53

7.70 ± 2.18

 0.025

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.11 ± 0.37

1.00 ± 0.34

1.14 ± 0.37

0.021

NHDL-C, mmol/L

6.04 ± 2.17

6.66 ± 2.69

5.87 ± 1.99

0.072

Apo A1, g/L

1.26 ± 0.33

1.11 ± 0.37

1.30 ± 0.31

0.001

Apo B, g/L

1.46 ± 0.44

1.60 ± 0.57

1.42 ± 0.39

0.064

Lp (a), mg/L

325.1 (169.2–710.4)

394.0 (158.8–668.3)

301.1 (173.6–739.0)

0.792

FFA, mg/dL

0.49 ± 0.46

0.50 ± 0.20

0.49 ± 0.50

0.851

Total cholesterol year score

12,794 ± 5878

13,394 ± 5379

12,646 ± 5997

0.787

LDL cholesterol year score

9549 ± 4605

10,379 ± 4511

9345 ± 4616

0.498

Genetic spectrum

    

Definite FH (DLCN score > 8), % (n)

57.6(144)

94.0(47)

48.5(97)

< 0.001

Probable FH (DLCN score 6–8), % (n)

42.4(106)

6.0(3)

51.5(103)

< 0.001

Mutation positive, % (n)

51.2 (128)

72.0 (36)

38.0 (76)

0.001

LDLR (+) mutation, % (n)

38.8 (97)

66.0 (33)

32.0 (64)

< 0.001

1 allele

26.8 (67)

42.0 (21)

23.0 (46)

0.007

2 or more alleles

12.0 (30)

24.0 (12)

9.0 (18)

0.004

LDLR (−) mutation, % (n)

10.8 (27)

6.0 (3)

12.0 (24)

0.221

APOB (+), % (n)

7.2 (18)

4.0 (2)

8.0 (16)

0.328

PCSK9 (+), % (n)

3.6 (9)

2.0 (1)

4.0 (8)

0.497

Double or triple mutation ( +), % (n)

1.6 (4)

0 (0)

2.0 (4)

0.313

Incidence of coronary atherosclerosis

CAD, % (n)

72.0 (180)

78.0 (39)

71.1 (128)

0.132

Diseased vessels, % (n)

62.8 (157)

62.2 (28)

60.6 (109)

0.838

SVD, % (n)

12.4 (31)

6.7 (3)

12.2 (22)

0.289

DVD, % (n)

17.6 (44)

15.6 (7)

20.0 (36)

0.498

MVD, % (n)

32.8 (82)

40.0 (18)

28.3 (51)

0.129

Coronary severity

    

Gensini score

28.0 (8.0–56.0)

48.5 (20.0–79.5)

26.5 (6.0–49.8)

0.011

SYNTAX score

9.0 (3.8–17.3)

16.0 (9.8–25.1)

9.0 (2.0–15.0)

< 0.001

Jeopardy score

4.0 (1.5–6.0)

5.0 (2.0–6.0)

2.0 (0–5.5)

0.032

In hospital drug treatment

Aspirin, % (n)

71.1 (160)

66.7 (30)

72.2 (130)

0.462

P2Y12 inhibitor, % (n)

21.3 (48)

42.2 (19)

16.1 (29)

< 0.001

ACEI/ARB, % (n)

28.0 (63)

28.9 (13)

27.8 (50)

0.882

β-blockers, % (n)

56.0 (126)

53.3 (24)

56.7 (102)

0.687

CCB, % (n)

21.8 (49)

20.0 (9)

22.2 (40)

0.747

Statins, % (n)

82.2 (185)

84.4 (38)

81.7 (147)

0.663

Ezetimibe, % (n)

48.4 (109)

62.2 (28)

45.0 (81)

0.039

  1. Data shown are mean ± SD, median (Q1–Q3 quartiles) or n (%). Bold values indicate statistical significance
  2. FH: familial hypercholesterolemia; TX: tendon xanthomas; CA: corneal arcus; BMI: body mass index; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; HC: hypercholesterolemia; CAD: coronary artery disease; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHDL-C: non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo A1: apolipoprotein A1; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; Lp(a): lipoprotein(a); FFA: free fatty acid; DLCN: Dutch Lipid Clinic Network; LDLR: low-density lipoprotein receptor; APOB: apolipoprotein B; PCSK9: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; SVD: single vessel disease; DVD: double vessels disease; MVD: multiple vessels disease; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers