Table 2 Summary of in vivo results showing the periodontal tissue regenerative potential of MSC-CM

hPDLSCs

Matrix proteins, enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, and angiogenic factors

Rat periodontal defect

Fibrin coated collagen sponge

10 br

4 weeks

Enhances periodontal regeneration

[83]

hPDLSCs and hGMSCs

–

Rat periodontal defect

Collagen scaffolds

1, 2, and 4 weeks

Promotes periodontal regeneration

[84]

hMSCs

IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-1, and HGF

Rat periodontal defect

Collagen sponge

30 ll

2 and 4 weeks

Enhances periodontal regeneration via promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis

[82]

hBMSCs

–

Ectopic transplantation in immunocompromised mice

Dentin block wrapped with hBMSC-CM-treated hPDLSC cell sheet

–

8 weeks

Promotes regeneration of cementum and PDL-like structure

[87]

rAPTGs

–

Ectopic transplantation in immunocompromised mice

PDLSCs (induced by APTG-CM) + CBB

–

6 weeks

Induces development of cementum and PDL-like structure

[48]

rAPTGs

–

Ectopic transplantation in immunocompromised mice

Cell sheet + dentin + CBB

–

8 weeks

Induces development of cementum and PDL-like structure

[85]

dMSCs

IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-β1, and HGF

Critical-size one-wall intrabony mandibular defects in dog

Atelo-collagen sponge

300 μL

4 weeks

Promotes alveolar bone and cementum regeneration

[91]

Cytokine cocktail-mimicking MSC-CM secretomes

IGF-1, VEGF-A, TGF-β1

Class II bifurcation premolar defect in dog

Hydroxypropyl cellulose

100 μL

8 weeks

Induces osteogenesis and cementogenesis

[81]

hMSCs

IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-β1, and HGF

Partially edentulous patients

MSC-CM + PLGA/β-TCP or MSC-C + ACS

3 mL

6 months

Promotes early bone formation and reduces inflammatory cell infiltration

[92]

hMSCs

IGF-1 VEGF TGF-b1

Rabbit bilateral maxillary sinus floor elevation model

β-TCP + MSC-CM

–

2, 4, 8 weeks

Promotes vascularization and early bone regeneration

[101]