Table 1 Clinical features of PD patients and healthy controls

N

22

32

19

22

12

10

–

–

–

Age (years)^¢

55.59 ± 10.22

60.81 ± 10.23

54.37 ± 8.01

61.95 ± 11.95

56.42 ± 10.35

57.70 ± 11.04

0.072

0.027*

0.662

Male: female ratio^

54:46

56:44

58:42

67:33

58:42

50:50

–

–

–

Body mass index^¢

26.85 ± 3.89

27.52 ± 4.54

27.13 ± 3.62

27.14 ± 4.26

27.17 ± 4.38

26.87 ± 5.68

0.549

0.952

0.974

Symptom duration (years) ^¢

NA

2 ± 1.17

NA

2.64 ± 1.39

NA

4.56 ± 1.59

–

–

–

Hoehn and Yahr score^€

NA

2.00(1–3)

NA

1.25(0–3)

NA

2.25 (0–3)

–

–

–

Total MDS-UPDRS^¢

2.77 ± 4.05

51.59 ± 25.13

0.89 ± 1.85

39.57 ± 24.47

1.42 ± 2.87

39.90 ± 27.24

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

MDS-UPDRS I^¢

0.72 ± 0.98

2.50 ± 1.60

0.21 ± 0.42

1.81 ± 1.54

0.50 ± 0.80

2.27 ± 2.21

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

0.0062

MDS-UPDRS II^¢

0.32 ± 0.89

13.28 ± 6.56

0.10 ± 0.31

10.62 ± 6.59

0.50 ± 1.17

9.40 ± 7.49

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

MDS-UPDRS III^¢

1.72 ± 3.71

35.68 ± 18.29

0.58 ± 1.64

26.05 ± 16.69

0.42 ± 1.16

24.50 ± 19.06

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

Schwab and England scale^¢

99.54 ± 2.13

76.59 ± 22.55

100 ± 0

86 ± 11.42

100 ± 0

86.37 ± 12.25

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

Beck’s Depression Inventory^¢

5.54 ± 6.24

11.50 ± 8.00

2.42 ± 3.04

9.43 ± 7.41

5.83 ± 6.63

11.90 ± 10.90

0.003*

0.0013*

0.108

Comorbidities

 HBP

6.67%

33.3%

4.54%

45%

8.3%

40%

–

–

–

 T2D

0%

10%

4.54%

9%

8.3%

10%

–

–

–

 Hypercholesterolemia

0%

6.67%

0%

4.54%

0%

0%

–

–

–

 Dyslipidemia

0%

6.67%

4.54%

4.54%

0%

10%

–

–

–