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Table 1 Targeting Tfh cell signalling and costimulatory pathways: Current clinical trials

From: TFH cells in systemic sclerosis

Target

Drug

NCT number (status)

Design

Primary end-point

JAK/STAT signalling pathway

Belumosudil

[55, 56]

03919799

(recruiting)

Phase II Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled study

Combined Response Index in Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis (CRISS) at Week 24

04680975

(recruiting)

Phase II, Open label, Multicenter Study

CRISS at Week 24

Itacitinib

[59]

04789850

(Not yet

recruiting)

Phase II, Randomized, Quadruple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Change in modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) at 360 days

B cells

Belimumab and rituximab

combination

therapy (75)

03844061

(recruiting)

Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Change in the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) CRISS at 12 months and the proportion of participants who experience at least one Grade 3 or higher adverse event at or before 12 months