Alterations of gut microbiota in gestational diabetes patients during the second trimester of pregnancy in the Shanghai Han population

Table 1 Maternal characteristics and biochemical data

Maternal characteristics and biochemical variables	GDM (n = 21)	Control (n = 32)	P value
Age (years)	28.7 ± 3.42	31.5 ± 4.56	0.019*
Pre-BMI (kg/m²)	21.7 (19.96–23.47)	22.6 (18.95–25.25)	0.94
Gestational age (weeks)	25.3 (25–26)	25.6 (25–26)	0.32
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.0 ± 0.43	4.7 ± 0.23	< 0.01**
1 h glucose (mmol/L)	9.15 (8.18–10.25)	7.35 (6.13–8.77)	< 0.01**
2 h glucose (mmol/L)	7.27 (6.51–8.08)	6.33 (5.77–7.29)	0.024*
Hb1AC (%)	5.01 (4.85–5.1)	4.84 (4.5–5.1)	0.091*
Fasting insulin (μU/L)	58.07 (40.1–66.4)	46.94 (32.45–47.58)	0.016*
1 h insulin (μU/L)	573.3 (301.6–728.4)	359.27 (198.1–480.2)	0.016*
2 h insulin (μU/L)	383.31 (183.1–574.8)	301.55 (199.2–368.0)	0.363
HOMA-IR	1.88 (1.25–2.25)	1.41 (0.91–1.43)	0.008**
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	2.31 ± 0.68	2.62 ± 0.82	0.171
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.02 ± 1.14	6.11 ± 0.82	0.741
HDL (mmol/L)	1.86 ± 0.38	2.0 ± 0.39	0.199
LDL (mmol/L)	2.99 ± 0.79	2.97 ± 0.73	0.926

Clinical characteristics, biochemical and hormonal variables of GDM and normoglycemic pregnant women at 24–28 weeks gestation are presented as mean ± SEM when normally distributed or median with 25–75th interquartile range when non-normal distributed. Statistically significant difference between the GDM and normoglycemic women group are highlighted (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). HOMA-IR, HOMA-IR = FPG (mmol/L), FINS(μU/mL)/22.5

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