Fig. 1

The expression profile of mRNA/miRNA/lncRNA in PBMCs. A–C Differentially expressed genes (mRNAs) in SLE patients. The number of genes with distinct expression in SLE patients is summarized and presented in bar charts (A) and volcano plots (B). The horizontal axis presents the log2(fold change), which shows the fold change of each differentially expressed gene in SLE patients vs. healthy controls. The vertical axis displays the significance level of differential gene expression calculated with the −log10(p-value). The blue dots represent significantly upregulated genes, while red dots characterize the considerably downregulated genes. The grey dots denote that the expression level of genes was not striking. Data are shown if they had (|log2 fold change|≤ 2 and P-value > 0.05)). (C) Heatmap of differentially expressed genes between the healthy control (H_B) and SLE patient venous blood (SL_B) in detail. Differential expression was defined as |log2 fold change|≥ 2 and P-value < 0.05. D–F Differential expression profile of miRNAs between H_B and SL_B. D Bar chart showing the differential expression profile of miRNAs in H_B and SL_B under the filter threshold (p < 0.01). E The differential expression profile of miRNAs between SL_B group and H_B is presented in a volcano plot (p < 0.01). F Heatmap presenting the differentially expressed miRNAs between H_B and SL_B in detail with filter threshold p < 0.01. G–I Differential expression profile of lncRNAs between groups of H_B and SL_B. Differential expression profiles of lncRNAs are shown in (H) volcano plots and bar chart (G). The details of the differentially expressed lncRNAs between H_B and SL_B are presented in the heatmap (I)