Different modulation effects of 1 Hz and 20 Hz transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on the functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray in patients with migraine

Table 3 Comparisons of vlPAG functional connectivity change produced by 1 Hz and 20 Hz taVNS

Comparisons	Brain Regions	Cluster size	Peak T	MNI coordinates
Comparisons	Brain Regions	Cluster size	Peak T	x	y	z
1 Hz > 20 Hz	MCC	225	5.37	− 6	− 12	40
	PCu/PCC	216	4.74	4	− 48	46
	*INS	148	5.35	− 44	− 6	− 6
	*ACC	45	3.50	− 4	42	18
20 Hz > 1 Hz	No regions survive the threshold

Change presented in continuous taVNS minus pre-taVNS resting-state. “*” identified results significant at cluster p < 0.05 after 3dFWHMx and 3dClustSim correction. Other results were significant at cluster p_FDR < 0.05 corrected at the whole brain level
vlPAG ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, MCC middle cingulate cortex, PCu precuneus, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, INS insula, ACC anterior cingulate cortex

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