Table 2 Differences in study parameters of GEP-NET, according to chronotype categories

Gender

 Males (n, %)

25, 47.2%

10, 52,6%

18, 48.6%

χ² = 0.17,

p = 0.919

 Females (n, %)

28, 52.8%

9, 47.4%

19, 51.4%

Age (years)

54.0 ± 16.6

62.4 ± 12.2

58.7 ± 16.1

0.110

Clinical characteristics

 Smoking (No)

40, 75.5%

14, 73.7%

18, 48.6%

χ² = 7.59, p = 0.023

 Physical activity (No)

24, 45.3%

7, 36.8%

29, 78.4%

χ² = 12.73, p = 0.002

Anthropometric measurement

 BMI (kg/m²)

25.4 ± 3.9

27.6 ± 4.5

30.5 ± 6.1

< 0.001

 Normal weight (n, %)

26, 49.1%

5, 26.3%

7, 18.9%

χ² = 9.46, p = 0.009

 Overweight (n, %)

18, 34.0%

8, 42.1%

10, 27.0%

χ² = 1.33, p = 0.514

 Grade I obesity (n, %)

9, 17.0

5, 26.3%

15, 40.5%

χ² = 6.19, p = 0.045

 Grade II obesity (n, %)

0,0%

1, 5.3%

4, 10.8%

χ² = 5.84, p = 0.050

 Grade III obesity (n, %)

0,0%

0, 0%

1, 2.7%

χ² = 1.96, p = 0.375

 WC (cm)

87.6 ± 13.2

94.0 ± 13.3

103.0 ± 12.9

< 0.001

Blood pressure

 SBP (mmHg)

119.2 ± 8.9

124.7 ± 13.8

133.9 ± 9.4

< 0.001

 DBP (mmHg)

73.1 ± 6.7

77.1 ± 7.9

81.8 ± 6.1

< 0.001

Metabolic profile

 Glycemia levels (mg/dL)

103.5 ± 16.0

101.4 ± 14.3

118.2 ± 9.3

< 0.001

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

178.3 ± 32.7

180.3 ± 38.6

214.3 ± 45.7

< 0.001

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

110.8 ± 45.2

108.3 ± 40.1

159.9 ± 50.3

< 0.001

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

103.9 ± 28.5

107.4 ± 33.1

145.7 ± 44.1

< 0.001

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

52.2 ± 14.5

51.3 ± 16.1

36.6 ± 10.4

< 0.001

MetS

 MetS (number parameter)

0.96 ± 0.8

1.63 ± 0.6

3.83 ± 0.8

< 0.001

 Mets presence

3, 5.7%

19, 100.0%

37, 100.0%

χ² = 30.79, p < 0.001

Ki67 index (%)

2.5 ± 1.8

3.5 ± 4.7

6.1 ± 5.1

< 0.001