Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients with sepsis following ICU admission
Variables | Midwest development cohort (n = 4236); n (%) | West validation cohort (n = 3185) | South validation cohort (n = 3333) | Wenzhou validation cohort (n = 1878) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | P value* | n (%) | P value* | n (%) | P value* | ||
Demographics and social history | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Age, median (IQR, years) | 69 (57, 80) | 68 (56, 79) | 0.027 | 69 (58, 80) | 0.939 | 69 (57.25, 80) | 0.949 |
 Male sex, n (%) | 2252 (53) | 1650 (52) | 0.26 | 1716 (52) | 0.164 | 1020 (54) | 0.422 |
 Race, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |
 African American | 411 (10) | 107 (3) |  | 629 (19) |  |  |  |
 Asian | 53 (1) | 82 (3) |  | 44 (1) |  |  |  |
 Caucasian | 3426 (81) | 2495 (78) |  | 2277 (68) |  |  |  |
 Hispanic | 54 (1) | 183 (6) |  | 219 (7) |  |  |  |
 Native American | 23 (1) | 79 (2) |  | 13 (0) |  |  |  |
 Other/unknown | 269 (6) | 239 (8) |  | 151 (5) |  |  |  |
 Height, median (IQR, cm) | 170 (161.8, 177.8) | 170 (162, 177.8) | 0.481 | 167.6 (160, 177.8) | 0.035 | 170 (160, 177.8) | 0.796 |
 Weight, median (IQR) | 77.1 (63.5, 95) | 77.6 (64.4, 96.5) | 0.244 | 77 (63.5, 94.2) | 0.697 | 76.9 (63.4, 93.5) | 0.207 |
 Infection site, n (%) |  |  | 0.014 |  |  < 0.001 |  |  < 0.001 |
 Pulmonary | 1745 (41) | 1212 (38) |  | 929 (28) |  | 725 (39) |  |
 Renal/UTI | 985 (23) | 770 (24) |  | 862 (26) |  | 389 (21) |  |
 Cutaneous/soft tissue | 337 (8) | 280 (9) |  | 231 (7) |  | 140 (7) |  |
 GI | 544 (13) | 468 (15) |  | 384 (12) |  | 250 (13) |  |
 Gynecologic | 9 (0) | 14 (0) |  | 12 (0) |  | 2 (0) |  |
 Other | 173 (4) | 111 (3) |  | 420 (13) |  | 137 (7) |  |
 Unknown | 443 (10) | 330 (10) |  | 495 (15) |  | 235 (13) |  |
 Ventilation, n (%) | 1411 (33) | 1142 (36) | 0.024 | 1110 (33) | 1 | 643 (34) | 0.497 |
Severity score | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 SOFA, median (IQR) | 5 (3, 7) | 5 (3, 7) |  < 0.001 | 5 (3, 7) | 0.004 | 5 (3, 7) | 0.001 |
 APACHE IV, median (IQR, Kg) | 67 (53, 84) | 71 (56, 90) |  < 0.001 | 71 (57, 89) |  < 0.001 | 71 (55, 90.75) |  < 0.001 |
Vital signs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Temperature, median (IQR) | 37.4 (36.9, 38.1) | 37.3 (36.9, 38.1) | 0.787 | 37.3 (36.9, 38.1) | 0.140 | 37.4 (36.9, 38.1) | 0.673 |
 Heart rate, median (IQR) | 109 (94, 125) | 112 (97, 128) |  < 0.001 | 110 (96, 126) | 0.020 | 111 (96, 127) | 0.004 |
 Respiratory rate, median (IQR) | 29 (24, 35) | 29 (25, 35) | 0.004 | 29 (24, 35) | 0.011 | 29 (24, 35) | 0.036 |
 Systolic pressure, median (IQR) | 85 (75, 96) | 84 (73, 95) |  < 0.001 | 83 (72, 95) |  < 0.001 | 84 (74, 96) | 0.012 |
 Diastolic pressure, median (IQR) | 45 (37, 52) | 44 (36, 52) | 0.018 | 44 (36, 51) | 0.006 | 44 (36, 52) | 0.093 |
 MAP, median (IQR, mmHg) | 60 (52, 68) | 59 (51, 67) | 0.003 | 59 (51, 66) |  < 0.001 | 59 (51, 67) | 0.059 |
 SpO2, median (IQR) | 92 (89, 95) | 92 (87, 95) |  < 0.001 | 92 (88, 95) | 0.112 | 92 (88, 95) | 0.195 |
Laboratory tests | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Albumin, median (IQR) | 2.6 (2.1, 3) | 2.5 (2.1, 3) | 0.008 | 2.5 (2.1, 3) | 0.039 | 2.5 (2.1, 3) | 0.028 |
 Bicarbonate, median (IQR) | 21 (17, 24) | 20 (17, 24) |  < 0.001 | 20 (17, 24) |  < 0.001 | 20 (16.1, 23) |  < 0.001 |
 Bilirubin, median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.060 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.658 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.442 |
 Creatinine, median (IQR) | 1.67 (1.1, 2.81) | 1.73 (1.11, 2.91) | 0.143 | 1.7 (1.1, 2.83) | 0.438 | 1.77 (1.11, 2.95) | 0.114 |
 Glucose, median (IQR) | 107 (89, 136) | 108 (88, 137) | 0.771 | 108 (88, 136) | 0.523 | 107 (88, 135) | 0.283 |
 Hematocrit, median (IQR) | 31 (26.4, 35.5) | 30.7 (26.1, 35.2) | 0.051 | 30.8 (26, 35.4) | 0.070 | 30.5 (26.6, 35.48) | 0.381 |
 Hemoglobin, median (IQR) | 10.1 (8.6, 11.7) | 10 (8.4, 11.6) | 0.038 | 10 (8.4, 11.6) | 0.033 | 10 (8.6, 11.7) | 0.509 |
 Lactate, median (IQR) | 2.4 (1.5, 4.2) | 2.6 (1.6, 4.6) |  < 0.001 | 2.6 (1.6, 4.4) |  < 0.001 | 2.7 (1.6, 4.68) |  < 0.001 |
 Platelet, median (IQR) | 157 (106, 226) | 157 (105, 222) | 0.489 | 160 (102, 224) | 0.419 | 155 (105, 231) | 0.915 |
 BUN, median (IQR) | 33 (21, 52) | 34 (22, 53) | 0.122 | 34 (22, 53) | 0.054 | 35 (22, 56) | 0.002 |
 WBC, median (IQR) | 15.62 (10.4, 21.91) | 15.8 (10.7, 22.5) | 0.121 | 16 (10.6, 22.8) | 0.063 | 15.8 (10.9, 22.3) | 0.103 |
 ALT, median (IQR) | 28 (18, 56) | 30 (18, 60) | 0.141 | 30 (18, 59) | 0.072 | 30 (18, 58) | 0.165 |
Morbidities | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Dialysis, n (%) | 205 (5) | 168 (5) | 0.426 | 170 (5) | 0.641 | 91 (5) | 1 |
 AIDS, n (%) | 10 (0) | 17 (1) | 0.059 | 9 (0) | 0.951 | 2 (0) | 0.365 |
 Hepatic failure, n (%) | 75 (2) | 80 (3) | 0.033 | 77 (2) | 0.114 | 56 (3) | 0.003 |
 Lymphoma, n (%) | 34 (1) | 30 (1) | 0.606 | 31 (1) | 0.638 | 24 (1) | 0.104 |
 Metastatic cancer, (%) | 138 (3) | 114 (4) | 0.489 | 119 (4) | 0.496 | 1806(96) | 0.287 |
 Leukemia, n (%) | 69 (2) | 59 (2) | 0.521 | 73 (2) | 0.089 | 28 (1) | 0.744 |
 Immunosuppression, n (%) | 213 (5) | 192 (6) | 0.068 | 200 (6) | 0.072 | 103 (5) | 0.496 |
 Cirrhosis, n (%) | 123 (3) | 107 (3) | 0.292 | 113 (3) | 0.253 | 58 (3) | 0.756 |
Outcome | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ICU mortality, n (%) | 500 (12) | 471 (15) |  < 0.001 | 467 (14) | 0.005 | 268 (14) | 0.008 |
 Hospital mortality, n (%) | 808 (19) | 688 (22) | 0.008 | 724 (22) | 0.005 | 398 (21) | 0.059 |
 Length of ICU stay, median (IQR) | 53 (29, 101) | 55 (29, 113) | 0.172 | 53 (28, 105) | 0.95 | 54 (28, 100.75) | 0.736 |