From: The role of exosomes in lung cancer metastasis and clinical applications: an updated review
Source of exosome | Exosomal component | Mechanism or pathway | Principal effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMSCs | miR-210-3p, miR-193a-3p, and miR-5100 | Exosome-mediated transfer of miRNAs activates STAT3 pathway | Enhanced cancer cell invasion and EMT | [86] |
Melanoma | RAB1A, RAB5B, RAB7, and RAB27A | Reprogrammed cells were positive for c-Kit, receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2, and Met | Increased metastatic behavior, induced vascular leakiness at pre-metastatic sites, and reprogrammed bone marrow progenitor cells | [53] |
Tumor | snRNAs | Activation of lung epithelial TLR3 to recruit neutrophils | TLR3-deficient mice showed reduced lung metastasis | [49] |
Phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 subunit and MAPKs ERK, JNK, and p38 signaling pathway | Exosomal snRNAs activated TLR3 to induce chemokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment | |||
hucMSCs | – | Activation of Smad2/3, AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin, NF-κB, ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK in TGF-β1 signaling pathways | Promoted EMT, invasion, and migration, yet inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of lung cancer cells | [84] |
Lung tumor | circSATB2 | Positive regulation of FSCN1 expression via miR-326 in lung cancer cells | Enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells, as well as an induced abnormal proliferation of normal human bronchial epithelial cells | [66] |
Lung tumor | miR-660-5p | miR-660-5p targeting of KLF9 to promote tumorigenesis | Enhanced proliferation, migration, viability, and metastasis | [67] |
Lung tumor | circ-CPA4 and let-7 miRNA | CPA4-regulated effects via let-7 miRNA/PD-L1 axis | Promoted cell stemness, mobility, and drug resistance of NSCLC | [68] |
Lung tumor | lnc-MMP2-2 | TGF-β-mediated exosomal miRNA regulation | Increased cancer cell migration, invasion potential, and vascular permeability | [69] |
Mouse and human lung tumor | integrins α6β4 and α6β1 | Activation of Src phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory S100 gene expression | Associated with lung metastasis and predict organ-specific metastasis | [50] |
SCLC patients and mouse model | miR-141 | Activation of miR-141/KLF12 pathway | SCLC angiogenesis | [42] |
Administration of lung cancer-derived exosomes to NIH/3T3 cells | miR-210 | Modulation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and TET2 in recipient fibroblasts | Increased angiogenesis via elevated expression of proangiogenic factors MMP9, FGF2 and VEGFA | [43] |
NSCLC cells | miR-619-5p | Targeted inhibition of RCAN1.4 | Promoted growth and metastasis of NSCLCs | [73] |
Adipocytes | MMP3 and MMP9 | Transfer of MMP3 to activate MMP9 | Promoted lung tumor metastasis | [85] |
Plasma | Three clusters of miRNAs including miR-574-5p, 328-3p and miR-423-3p | Regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway | Involved in preconditioning the metastatic niche and promoting bone metastasis of lung cancer | [78] |