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Table 1 Participation of exosomes in lung cancer metastasis

From: The role of exosomes in lung cancer metastasis and clinical applications: an updated review

Source of exosome

Exosomal component

Mechanism or pathway

Principal effects

References

BMSCs

miR-210-3p, miR-193a-3p, and miR-5100

Exosome-mediated transfer of miRNAs activates STAT3 pathway

Enhanced cancer cell invasion and EMT

[86]

Melanoma

RAB1A, RAB5B, RAB7, and RAB27A

Reprogrammed cells were positive for c-Kit, receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2, and Met

Increased metastatic behavior, induced vascular leakiness at pre-metastatic sites, and reprogrammed bone marrow progenitor cells

[53]

Tumor

snRNAs

Activation of lung epithelial TLR3 to recruit neutrophils

TLR3-deficient mice showed reduced lung metastasis

[49]

Phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 subunit and MAPKs ERK, JNK, and p38 signaling pathway

Exosomal snRNAs activated TLR3 to induce chemokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment

hucMSCs

Activation of Smad2/3, AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin, NF-κB, ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK in TGF-β1 signaling pathways

Promoted EMT, invasion, and migration, yet inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of lung cancer cells

[84]

Lung tumor

circSATB2

Positive regulation of FSCN1 expression via miR-326 in lung cancer cells

Enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells, as well as an induced abnormal proliferation of normal human bronchial epithelial cells

[66]

Lung tumor

miR-660-5p

miR-660-5p targeting of KLF9 to promote tumorigenesis

Enhanced proliferation, migration, viability, and metastasis

[67]

Lung tumor

circ-CPA4 and let-7 miRNA

CPA4-regulated effects via let-7 miRNA/PD-L1 axis

Promoted cell stemness, mobility, and drug resistance of NSCLC

[68]

Lung tumor

lnc-MMP2-2

TGF-β-mediated exosomal miRNA regulation

Increased cancer cell migration, invasion potential, and vascular permeability

[69]

Mouse and human lung tumor

integrins α6β4 and α6β1

Activation of Src phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory S100 gene expression

Associated with lung metastasis and predict organ-specific metastasis

[50]

SCLC patients and mouse model

miR-141

Activation of miR-141/KLF12 pathway

SCLC angiogenesis

[42]

Administration of lung cancer-derived exosomes to NIH/3T3 cells

miR-210

Modulation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and TET2 in recipient fibroblasts

Increased angiogenesis via elevated expression of proangiogenic factors MMP9, FGF2 and VEGFA

[43]

NSCLC cells

miR-619-5p

Targeted inhibition of RCAN1.4

Promoted growth and metastasis of NSCLCs

[73]

Adipocytes

MMP3 and MMP9

Transfer of MMP3 to activate MMP9

Promoted lung tumor metastasis

[85]

Plasma

Three clusters of miRNAs including miR-574-5p, 328-3p and miR-423-3p

Regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Involved in preconditioning the metastatic niche and promoting bone metastasis of lung cancer

[78]