Table 3 A brief overview of studies based on MSCs-exosomes in musculoskeletal disorders

OA

BM

OA rescue by suppressing inflammatory cytokines and also NLRP3 inflammasome activation by MSCs-exosomesin a rabbit model

[167]

IDD

BM

Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibition of excessive nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis by inducing AKT and ERK signaling in rat models by MSCs-exosomes

[168]

Osteoporosis

iPS-MSCs

Recovery of critical-sized bone defects by improved angiogenesis and osteogenesis by MSCs-exosomesin osteoporotic murine models

[169]

ONFH

iPS-MSCs

Inhibition of ONFH by exerting angiogenesis and inhibition of bone loss through the activation of PI3K/ AKT signaling pathway on endothelial cells elicited by iPS-MSCs-exosomesin ONFH mice model

[170]

OA

BM

Promotion of cartilage development and homeostasis through targeting WNT5A in mice by miR-92a-3p-enriched MSCs-exosomes

[122]

OA

ESCs-MSCs

OA rescue by regulation of the synthesis and degradation of chondrocyte ECM in mice models by ESCs-MSCs-exosomes

[118]

RA

BM

Reduction in joint destruction by inhibiting synoviocyte hyperplasia and angiogenesis by MSCs-exosomesin murine models

[124]

Cartilage defect

BM

Induction of cartilage repair in a rabbit model after combination therapy with MSCs-exosomesand hyaluronic acid

[171]

OA

Synovial

Improvement of the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes by Wnt5a and Wnt5b-enriched MSCs-exosomesmediated by YAP activation

[172]

DMD

PL

Reduction in creatine kinase and TGF-β levels and also promotion in utrophin levels in mice models by MSCs-exosomes

[173]

IVD

BM

Alleviation of IVD degeneration by miR-21 enriched MSCs-exosomesthrough inhibition of PTEN and consequently activation of PI3K/ AKT pathway

[174]

OA

BM

Alleviation of damage of the synovial fibroblasts via blocking PTGS2 elicited by miR-26a-5p enriched MSCs-exosomesin OA rat models

[175]

OA

BM

Re-induction of the expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, and also inhibition of MMP-13, ADAMTS5, and iNOS along with inhibition of macrophage activation in mice models by MSCs-exosomes

[176]

OA

AT

Protection of articular cartilage and alleviation of gait abnormalities by inhibition of mTOR in OA mice models by miR-100-5p enriched MSCs-exosomes

[117]

RA

BM

Suppression of fibroblast-like synoviocytes activation, migration, and invasion in vitro and recovery of arthritis and bone lesions in murine models in vivo by miR-320a-enriched MSCs-exosomes

[177]