Fig. 2

Application of MSCs-exosomes in regenerative medicine. In vivo reports have evidenced the valuable belongings of the MSCs-exosomes, following separation from the parental cell, for treating several disorders, such as lung, kidney, liver, neurodegenerative, cardiac, musculoskeletal diseases, and cutaneous wounds. Inhibition of secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrotic molecules, inhibition of survival and proliferation-related pathways in immune cells, and also improvement of the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors may responsible for MSCs-exosomeselicited desired effects. Micro RNA (miR), Acute liver failure (ALF), C-reactive protein (CRP), Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), Cyclin G (1) (CCNG1), Prolyl-4-hydroxylase α1 (P4HA1), A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5), Extracellular matrix (ECM), Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Nerve growth factor (NGF), Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Arginase 1 (Arg-1), Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF- α), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Acute lung injury (ALI), Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (TLR4/NF-κB), Chronic kidney disease (CKD), Cellular prion protein (PrPC), Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), NACHT, LRR and PYD domains containing protein (NALP3), Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, Cardiomyocytes (CMC), BCL2-antagonist-killer 1 protein (BAK1), Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), Interleukin (IL)