Using genetic variants to evaluate the causal effect of serum vitamin D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and hospitalization traits: a Mendelian randomization study

Table 3 Number of COVID-19 cases and controls and statistical power in a Mendelian randomization study of the serum vitamin D concentration and three COVID-19 phenotypes

Exposure	Outcome					Minimum detectable odds ratio
Exposure	Trait	Cases	Controls	Total	Proportion of cases	r² = 0.01	r² = 0.02	r² = 0.03	r² = 0.04	r² = 0.05
25(OH)D	COVID-19 susceptibility	38,984	1,644,784	1,683,768	0.0232	1.1430/0.8579	1.1010/0.8994	1.0834/0.9178	1.0722/0.9288	1.0639/0.9356
	COVID-19 severity	5101	1,383,241	1,388,342	0.0037	1.3945/0.6115	1.2789/0.7251	1.2249/0.7754	1.1971/0.8031	1.1742/0.8239
	COVID-19 hospitalization	9986	1,877,672	1,887,658	0.0053	1.2795/0.7179	1.1976/0.8004	1.1613/0.8390	1.1397/0.8588	1.1249/0.8737

COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, r² the proportion of phenotypic variation explained by genetic variants
Minimum detectable odds ratio per 1-SD increase/decrease in 25(OH)D concentration: assume 80% power, 5% alpha level and that 1–5% of 25(OH)D variance is explained by the genetic variants used in the current study

ISSN: 1479-5876