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Table 2 Heterogeneity and pleiotropy analysis of the serum 25(OH)D concentration on three COVID-19 phenotypes using different sets of SNPs as instrumental variables

From: Using genetic variants to evaluate the causal effect of serum vitamin D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and hospitalization traits: a Mendelian randomization study

Outcomes

SNPs selection

MR methods

Number of SNPs

Cochran Q statistic

Heterogeneity p‐value

MR-Egger

Intercept

Intercept p-value

COVID-19 susceptibility

Complete

IVW

112

214.2548

1.49E−08

− 0.0001

0.9561

Complete

MR-Egger

112

214.2489

1.06E−08

  

Complete

Maximum likelihood

112

214.2201

1.50E−08

  

Steiger filtered

IVW

109

211.3969

1.08E−08

− 0.0002

0.9495

Steiger filtered

MR-Egger

109

211.3890

7.64E− 09

  

Steiger filtered

Maximum likelihood

109

211.3606

1.09E− 08

  

Outlier removed

IVW

106

128.5356

0.0592

− 0.0008

0.7440

Outlier removed

MR-Egger

106

128.4032

0.0525

  

Outlier removed

Maximum likelihood

106

128.4887

0.0595

  

COVID-19 severity

Complete

IVW

112

137.6576

0.0439

0.0033

0.9573

Complete

MR-Egger

112

137.6540

0.0382

  

Complete

Maximum likelihood

112

137.6563

0.0439

  

Steiger filtered

IVW

109

128.7771

0.0843

− 0.0053

0.4718

Steiger filtered

MR-Egger

109

128.1526

0.0780

  

Steiger filtered

Maximum likelihood

109

128.7767

0.0843

  

Outlier removed

IVW

109

128.7771

0.0843

− 0.0053

0.4718

Outlier removed

MR-Egger

109

128.1526

0.0780

  

Outlier removed

Maximum likelihood

109

128.7767

0.0843

  

COVID-19 hospitalization

Complete

IVW

111

136.2421

0.0456

− 0.0037

0.3797

Complete

MR-Egger

111

135.2766

0.0447

  

Complete

Maximum likelihood

111

136.2287

0.0456

  

Steiger filtered

IVW

109

134.9943

0.0403

− 0.0033

0.5101

Steiger filtered

MR-Egger

109

134.4456

0.0375

  

Steiger filtered

Maximum likelihood

109

134.9891

0.0403

  

Outlier removed

IVW

109

134.9943

0.0403

− 0.0033

0.5101

Outlier removed

MR-Egger

109

134.4456

0.0375

  

Outlier removed

Maximum likelihood

109

134.9891

0.0403

  
  1. COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, MR Mendelian randomization, OR odds ratio, IVW inverse variance weighted, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D