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Table 1 Summary of the univariable Mendelian randomization of the causal effect of the serum 25(OH)D concentration on three COVID-19 phenotypes using different sets of SNPs as instrumental variables

From: Using genetic variants to evaluate the causal effect of serum vitamin D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and hospitalization traits: a Mendelian randomization study

Outcomes

SNPs selection

MR methods

Number of SNPs

OR (95% CI)

SE

MR p-value

COVID-19 susceptibility

Complete

IVW-fixed

112

0.9369 (0.8656–1.0142)

0.0404

0.1070

Complete

IVW-random

112

0.9369 (0.8393–1.0460)

0.0562

0.2460

Complete

MR-Egger

112

0.9404 (0.7923–1.1161)

0.0874

0.4834

Complete

Weighted median

112

0.9738 (0.8560–1.1077)

0.0658

0.6860

Complete

MR.RAPS

112

0.9206 (0.8353–1.0146)

0.0496

0.0952

Steiger filtered

IVW-fixed

109

0.9307 (0.8437–1.0268)

0.0501

0.1519

Steiger filtered

IVW-random

109

0.9307 (0.8113–1.0678)

0.0701

0.3057

Steiger filtered

MR-Egger

109

0.9375 (0.7212–1.2187)

0.1338

0.6305

Steiger filtered

Weighted median

109

0.9539 (0.8032–1.1329)

0.0877

0.5907

Steiger filtered

MR.RAPS

109

0.9149 (0.8099–1.0335)

0.0622

0.1528

Outlier removed

MR-PRESSO

106

0.9049 (0.8111–1.0094)

0.0558

0.0759

Outlier removed

IVW-fixed

106

0.9049 (0.8197–0.9988)

0.0504

0.0473

Outlier removed

IVW-random

106

0.9049 (0.8111–1.0094)

0.0558

0.0730

Outlier removed

MR-Egger

106

0.9319 (0.7571–1.1470)

0.1060

0.5071

Outlier removed

Weighted median

106

0.9535 (0.8052–1.1291)

0.0862

0.5806

Outlier removed

MR.RAPS

106

0.8995 (0.8056–1.0043)

0.0562

0.0595

COVID-19 severity

Complete

IVW-fixed

112

0.9503 (0.7410–1.2187)

0.1269

0.6881

Complete

IVW-random

112

0.9503 (0.7204–1.2537)

0.1413

0.7185

Complete

MR-Egger

112

0.9412 (0.5998–1.4768)

0.2299

0.7924

Complete

Weighted median

112

0.8956 (0.5803–1.3822)

0.2214

0.6185

Complete

MR.RAPS

112

0.9302 (0.7122–1.2150)

0.1363

0.5954

Steiger filtered

IVW-fixed

109

1.0298 (0.7699–1.3775)

0.1484

0.8432

Steiger filtered

IVW-random

109

1.0298 (0.7496–1.4148)

0.1621

0.8562

Steiger filtered

MR-Egger

109

1.2444 (0.6799–2.2775)

0.3084

0.4798

Steiger filtered

Weighted median

109

1.0766 (0.6639–1.7460)

0.2467

0.7646

Steiger filtered

MR.RAPS

109

0.9679 (0.7052–1.3284)

0.1615

0.8400

Outlier removed

MR-PRESSO

109

1.0277 (0.7512–1.4060)

0.1599

0.8646

Outlier removed

IVW-fixed

109

1.0298 (0.7699–1.3775)

0.1484

0.8432

Outlier removed

IVW-random

109

1.0298 (0.7496–1.4148)

0.1621

0.8562

Outlier removed

MR-Egger

109

1.2444 (0.6799–2.2775)

0.3084

0.4798

Outlier removed

Weighted median

109

1.0766 (0.6639–1.7460)

0.2467

0.7646

Outlier removed

MR.RAPS

109

0.9679 (0.7052–1.3284)

0.1615

0.8400

COVID-19 hospitalization

Complete

IVW-fixed

111

1.1099 (0.9405–1.3098)

0.0845

0.2173

Complete

IVW-random

111

1.1099 (0.9230–1.3345)

0.0940

0.2676

Complete

MR-Egger

111

1.2364 (0.9135–1.6736)

0.1544

0.1722

Complete

Weighted median

111

1.1002 (0.8436–1.4349)

0.1355

0.4808

Complete

MR.RAPS

111

1.1043 (0.9145–1.3336)

0.0962

0.3025

Steiger filtered

IVW-fixed

109

1.0713 (0.8819–1.3013)

0.0992

0.4878

Steiger filtered

IVW-random

109

1.0713 (0.8619–1.3315)

0.1109

0.5349

Steiger filtered

MR-Egger

109

1.2068 (0.7968–1.8279)

0.2118

0.3768

Steiger filtered

Weighted median

109

1.0567 (0.7572–1.4747)

0.1700

0.7456

Steiger filtered

MR.RAPS

109

1.0546 (0.8442–1.3176)

0.1136

0.6394

Outlier removed

MR-PRESSO

109

1.0611 (0.8557–1.3159)

0.1099

0.5901

Outlier removed

IVW-fixed

109

1.0713 (0.8819–1.3013)

0.0992

0.4878

Outlier removed

IVW-random

109

1.0713 (0.8619–1.3315)

0.1109

0.5349

Outlier removed

MR-Egger

109

1.2068 (0.7968–1.8279)

0.2118

0.3768

Outlier removed

Weighted median

109

1.0567 (0.7572–1.4747)

0.1700

0.7456

Outlier removed

MR.RAPS

109

1.0546 (0.8442–1.3176)

0.1136

0.6394

  1. COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, MR Mendelian randomization, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, IVW-fixed inverse variance weighted with fixed effects, IVW-random  inverse variance weighted with random effects, MR.RAPS MR Robust Adjusted Profile Score, MR-PRESSO MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D