Using genetic variants to evaluate the causal effect of serum vitamin D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and hospitalization traits: a Mendelian randomization study

Cui, Zhiyong; Tian, Yun

doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02973-5

Table 1 Summary of the univariable Mendelian randomization of the causal effect of the serum 25(OH)D concentration on three COVID-19 phenotypes using different sets of SNPs as instrumental variables

From: Using genetic variants to evaluate the causal effect of serum vitamin D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and hospitalization traits: a Mendelian randomization study

Outcomes	SNPs selection	MR methods	Number of SNPs	OR (95% CI)	SE	MR p-value
COVID-19 susceptibility	Complete	IVW-fixed	112	0.9369 (0.8656–1.0142)	0.0404	0.1070
	Complete	IVW-random	112	0.9369 (0.8393–1.0460)	0.0562	0.2460
	Complete	MR-Egger	112	0.9404 (0.7923–1.1161)	0.0874	0.4834
	Complete	Weighted median	112	0.9738 (0.8560–1.1077)	0.0658	0.6860
	Complete	MR.RAPS	112	0.9206 (0.8353–1.0146)	0.0496	0.0952
	Steiger filtered	IVW-fixed	109	0.9307 (0.8437–1.0268)	0.0501	0.1519
	Steiger filtered	IVW-random	109	0.9307 (0.8113–1.0678)	0.0701	0.3057
	Steiger filtered	MR-Egger	109	0.9375 (0.7212–1.2187)	0.1338	0.6305
	Steiger filtered	Weighted median	109	0.9539 (0.8032–1.1329)	0.0877	0.5907
	Steiger filtered	MR.RAPS	109	0.9149 (0.8099–1.0335)	0.0622	0.1528
	Outlier removed	MR-PRESSO	106	0.9049 (0.8111–1.0094)	0.0558	0.0759
	Outlier removed	IVW-fixed	106	0.9049 (0.8197–0.9988)	0.0504	0.0473
	Outlier removed	IVW-random	106	0.9049 (0.8111–1.0094)	0.0558	0.0730
	Outlier removed	MR-Egger	106	0.9319 (0.7571–1.1470)	0.1060	0.5071
	Outlier removed	Weighted median	106	0.9535 (0.8052–1.1291)	0.0862	0.5806
	Outlier removed	MR.RAPS	106	0.8995 (0.8056–1.0043)	0.0562	0.0595
COVID-19 severity	Complete	IVW-fixed	112	0.9503 (0.7410–1.2187)	0.1269	0.6881
	Complete	IVW-random	112	0.9503 (0.7204–1.2537)	0.1413	0.7185
	Complete	MR-Egger	112	0.9412 (0.5998–1.4768)	0.2299	0.7924
	Complete	Weighted median	112	0.8956 (0.5803–1.3822)	0.2214	0.6185
	Complete	MR.RAPS	112	0.9302 (0.7122–1.2150)	0.1363	0.5954
	Steiger filtered	IVW-fixed	109	1.0298 (0.7699–1.3775)	0.1484	0.8432
	Steiger filtered	IVW-random	109	1.0298 (0.7496–1.4148)	0.1621	0.8562
	Steiger filtered	MR-Egger	109	1.2444 (0.6799–2.2775)	0.3084	0.4798
	Steiger filtered	Weighted median	109	1.0766 (0.6639–1.7460)	0.2467	0.7646
	Steiger filtered	MR.RAPS	109	0.9679 (0.7052–1.3284)	0.1615	0.8400
	Outlier removed	MR-PRESSO	109	1.0277 (0.7512–1.4060)	0.1599	0.8646
	Outlier removed	IVW-fixed	109	1.0298 (0.7699–1.3775)	0.1484	0.8432
	Outlier removed	IVW-random	109	1.0298 (0.7496–1.4148)	0.1621	0.8562
	Outlier removed	MR-Egger	109	1.2444 (0.6799–2.2775)	0.3084	0.4798
	Outlier removed	Weighted median	109	1.0766 (0.6639–1.7460)	0.2467	0.7646
	Outlier removed	MR.RAPS	109	0.9679 (0.7052–1.3284)	0.1615	0.8400
COVID-19 hospitalization	Complete	IVW-fixed	111	1.1099 (0.9405–1.3098)	0.0845	0.2173
	Complete	IVW-random	111	1.1099 (0.9230–1.3345)	0.0940	0.2676
	Complete	MR-Egger	111	1.2364 (0.9135–1.6736)	0.1544	0.1722
	Complete	Weighted median	111	1.1002 (0.8436–1.4349)	0.1355	0.4808
	Complete	MR.RAPS	111	1.1043 (0.9145–1.3336)	0.0962	0.3025
	Steiger filtered	IVW-fixed	109	1.0713 (0.8819–1.3013)	0.0992	0.4878
	Steiger filtered	IVW-random	109	1.0713 (0.8619–1.3315)	0.1109	0.5349
	Steiger filtered	MR-Egger	109	1.2068 (0.7968–1.8279)	0.2118	0.3768
	Steiger filtered	Weighted median	109	1.0567 (0.7572–1.4747)	0.1700	0.7456
	Steiger filtered	MR.RAPS	109	1.0546 (0.8442–1.3176)	0.1136	0.6394
	Outlier removed	MR-PRESSO	109	1.0611 (0.8557–1.3159)	0.1099	0.5901
	Outlier removed	IVW-fixed	109	1.0713 (0.8819–1.3013)	0.0992	0.4878
	Outlier removed	IVW-random	109	1.0713 (0.8619–1.3315)	0.1109	0.5349
	Outlier removed	MR-Egger	109	1.2068 (0.7968–1.8279)	0.2118	0.3768
	Outlier removed	Weighted median	109	1.0567 (0.7572–1.4747)	0.1700	0.7456
	Outlier removed	MR.RAPS	109	1.0546 (0.8442–1.3176)	0.1136	0.6394

COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, MR Mendelian randomization, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, IVW-fixed inverse variance weighted with fixed effects, IVW-random inverse variance weighted with random effects, MR.RAPS MR Robust Adjusted Profile Score, MR-PRESSO MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D

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