Fig. 1

Forest plot of the causal effects of the 25(OH)D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and hospitalization traits. The analysis was conducted using outlier removed sets of SNPs. OR odds ratio, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, IVW-fixed inverse variance weighted with fixed effects, IVW-random inverse variance weighted with random effects, MR.RAPS MR Robust Adjusted Profile Score, MR-PRESSO MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin