Table 4 Effects of the training intervention on body composition and blood variables in COPD and Healthy, assessed as changes from baseline to after completion of the study (per study cluster) and as differential changes between study clusters
From: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease does not impair responses to resistance training
|  | COPD | Healthy | ∆ COPD vs∆ Healthy (P value) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Post RT | Time effect (P < 0.05) | Baseline | Post RT | Time effect (P < 0.05) | ||
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry | |||||||
 Whole-body bone mineral density (g . cm2) | 1.13 (0.21) | 1.13 (0.21) | No | 1.15 (0.16) | 1.14 (0.15) | No | 0.119 |
 Total lean mass (kg) | 46.7 (9.9) | 47.6 (10.2) | Yes ↑ | 48.1 (10.0) | 48.6 (10.0) | Yes ↑ | 0.395 |
 Appendicular lean mass (kg) | 20.3 (5.3) | 20.9 (5.5) | Yes ↑ | 21.6 (5.0) | 21.9 (5.0) | Yes ↑ | 0.166 |
 Total fat mass (kg) | 26.4 (11.7) | 26.3 (11.5) | No | 25.3 (9.3) | 24.4 (9.2) | Yes ↓ | 0.068 |
 Visceral fat (kg) | 1.59 (1.18) | 1.56 (1.21) | No | 1.12 (0.98) | 1.01 (0.81) | Yes ↓ | 0.138 |
Inflammation | |||||||
 C-reactive protein (mg . L−1) | 3.4 (5.0) | 3.6 (4.0) | No | 1.7 (2.5) | 1.8 (3.5) | No | 0.934 |
Hormones | |||||||
 Cortisol (nmol . L−1) | 307 (130)* | 310 (109) | No | 369 (88) | 372 (99) | No | 0.861 |
 Growth hormone (µg . L−1) | 1.4 (2.8) | 1.4 (3.1) | No | 1.1 (1.7) | 1.3 (1.6) | No | 0.837 |
 IGF-1 (nmol . L −1) | 15.7 (4.2) | 15.0 (4.5) | No | 14.4 (3.2) | 13.6 (3.1) | Yes ↓ | 0.977 |
 Testosterone (nmol . L−1)†| 11.2 (4.4) | 11.4 (4.2) | No | 11.9 (3.3) | 12.4 (4.2) | No | 0.938 |
 Sex-hormone binding globulin (nmol . L−1) | 60 (33) | 60 (34) | No | 60 (22) | 60 (21) | No | 0.488 |
 Androstenedione (nmol . L−1) | 3.3 (2.4) | 3.3 (2.4) | No | 3.8 (2.7) | 3.8 (2.4) | No | 0.984 |
 Parathyroid hormone (pmol . L−1) | 5.7 (2.6) | 6.0 (3.3) | No | 5.0 (2.2) | 5.2 (1.9) | No | 0.870 |
Lipid profile variables | |||||||
 Triglycerides (mmol . L−1) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.5) | No | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.6) | Yes ↓ | 0.661 |
 HDL (mmol . L−1) | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.7 (0.5) | No | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | No | 0.523 |
 LDL (mmol . L−1) | 2.8 (1.0)* | 2.8 (1.0) | No | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.3 (0.8) | No | 0.775 |
Iron biology variables | |||||||
 Fe2+ (µmol .l L−1) | 18 (7) | 18 (6) | No | 18 (6) | 18 (5) | No | 0.410 |
 Transferrin (g . L−1) | 2.66 (0.44)* | 2.67 (0.45) | No | 2.41 (0.27) | 2.38 (0.29) | No | 0.563 |
 Ferritin (µg . L−1) | 113 (92) | 90 (81) | Yes ↓ | 139 (79) | 133 (68) | No | 0.089 |
Calcium status | |||||||
 Calcium (mmol . L−1) | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) | No | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) | No | 0.865 |
 Albumin-corrected calcium (mmol . L−1) | 2.3 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.1) | No | 2.3 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.1) | No | 0.802 |
Tissue damage variables | |||||||
 Aspartate transaminase (units . L−1) | 27 (9) | 24 (6) | No | 26 (21) | 26 (7) | No | 0.807 |
 Creatine kinase (units . L−1) | 112 (69) | 123 (71) | No | 95 (47) | 125 (72) | Yes ↑ | 0.523 |