Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease does not impair responses to resistance training

Table 3 Comparison of Hallmark gene sets identified in whole-genome transcriptome data between COPD (n = 19) and Healthy (n = 34), assessed at baseline and as resistance training-associated changes

Comparison	Gene set	Significance category*	Set size^†	Rank P-value^‡	% MSD > 0^§	GSEA P-value^\|\|	NES	LE**	Log₂ fold difference in LE (95% CI)
Baseline: COPD vs Healthy	Oxidative phosphorylation	Consensus	190 (200)	0.007	36.8%	< 0.001	− 2.10	70 (94.3%)	− 0.24 (− 0.45, − 0.13)
Baseline: COPD vs Healthy	Myogenesis	Rank	163 (200)	< 0.001	33.7%	0.417	1.21	45 (75.6%)	0.46 (0.19, 1.5)
3½ weeks of training: ΔCOPD vs ΔHealthy	Allograft rejection	GSEA	115 (200)	0.956	7.8%	0.014	1.71	20 (35%)	0.39 (0.13, 0.76)
	Oxidative phosphorylation	GSEA	190 (200)	0.999	1.1%	0.009	1.69	83 (2.4%)	0.11 (0.05, 0.39)
	Pancreas beta cells	GSEA	15 (40)	0.969	6.7%	0.028	1.71	3 (33.3%)	0.35 (0.08, 0.54)
Post− RT (13 weeks of training): ΔCOPD vs ΔHealthy	Myogenesis	Consensus	163 (200)	< 0.001	42.3%	< 0.001	− 1.52	68 (85.3%)	− 0.5 (− 1.13, − 0.26)

*Consensus significance indicates agreement between directional (GSEA) and non-directional (Rank) hypothesis test of overrepresentation (see methods for details). ^†Indicates number of identified genes in the gene set and total number of genes in the gene set in parentheses. ^‡Rank-based enrichment test, based on minimum significant difference (MSD), identifies gene sets that are overrepresented among top-ranked genes without a directional hypothesis. ^§ Fraction of genes in gene set with unadjusted 95% CI not spanning zero, i.e. MSD > 0. ^|| Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) tests for overrepresentation among top and bottom genes based on Log₂ fold differences or changes × -log₁₀(P-values) in comparing differences at baseline or changes from baseline between COPD and Healthy. A positive normalized enrichment score (NES) indicate gene set with higher expression in COPD than Healthy; negative NES indicate gene set with lower expression at respective time-points. ** Number of genes in leading edge (LE, genes that contributes to the enrichment score) with the fraction of leading edge genes with unadjusted 95% CI not spanning zero. ∆ change score

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